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Physiology (BIO410) > Exam 2: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Endocrine System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Melatonin

A

location: pineal gland
target: brain, other tissues

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2
Q

Dopamine

A

location: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary
inhibits: prolactin

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3
Q

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

A

location: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary
stimulates: TSH release > thyroid gland > thyroid hormone release (T3, T4)

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4
Q

CRH

A

location: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary
stimulates: ACTH > adrenal cortex > cortisol > metabolic activity

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5
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A
  • somatocrinin
    location: hypothalamus
    target: anterior pituitary
    stimulates: GH (somatotropin) > liver (somatostatin) > insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) > metabolic activity
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6
Q

Somatostatin

A

location: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary

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7
Q

GnRH

A

location: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary

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8
Q

oxytocin

A

location: posterior pituitary
target: breast and uterus

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9
Q

vasopressin (ADH)

A

location: posterior pituitary
target: kidney

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10
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

location: anterior pituitary
target: gonads

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11
Q

leutinizing hormone (LH)

A

location: anterior pituitary
target: gonads

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12
Q

ACTH

A

location: anterior pituitary
target: adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH)

A

thyroid gland

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14
Q

prolactin

A

location: anteriory pituitary
target: breast

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15
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

location: anterior pituitary
target: liver, many tissues

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16
Q

triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

location: thyroid gland
target: many tissues

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17
Q

calcitonin

A

location: thyroid gland
target: bone

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18
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

location: parathyroid gland
target: bone, kidney

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19
Q

thymosin

A

location: thymus gland
target: lymphocytes

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20
Q

thymopoietin

A

location: thymus gland
target: lymphocytes

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21
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

location: heart
target: kidneys

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22
Q

angiotensinogen

A

location: liver
target: adrenal cortex, blood vessels

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23
Q

insulin-like growth factors

A

location: liver
target: many tissues

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24
Q

gastrin

A

location: stomach and small intestine
target: GI tract and pancreas

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25
cholecystokinin
location: stomach and small intestine target: GI tract and pancreas
26
secretin
location: stomach and small intestine target: GI tract and pancreas
27
insulin
location: pancreas target: many tissues
28
glucagon
location: pancreas target: many tissues
29
somatostatin
location: pancreas target: many tissues
30
pancreatic polypeptide
location: pancreas target: many tissues
31
aldosterone
location: adrenal cortex target: kidney
32
cortisol
location: adrenal cortex target: many tissues
33
androgens
location: adrenal cortex target: many tissues
34
epinephrine
location: adrenal medulla target: many tissues
35
norepinephrine
location: adrenal medulla target: many tissues
36
erythropoietin
location: kidney target: bone marrow
37
1,25 Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 (calciferol)
location: kidney target: bone marrow
38
Vitamin D3
location: skin target: intermediate form of hormone
39
androgens
location: testes (male) target: many tissues
40
inhibin
location: testes (male), ovaries (female) target: anterior pituitary
41
estrogen
location: ovaries (female) target: many tissues
42
progesterone
location: ovaries (female) target: many tissues
43
relaxin
location: ovaries (female, pregnancy) target: uterine muscle
44
leptin
location: adipose tissue target: hypothalamus, other tissues
45
adiponectin
location: adipose tissue target: hypothalamus, other tissues
46
resistin
location: adipose tissue target: hypothalamus, other tissues
47
estrogen
location: placenta target: many tissues
48
chronic somatomammotropin
location: placenta (pregnancy) target: many tissues
49
chorionic gonadotropin
location: placenta (pregnancy) target: corpus luteum
50
peptide hormones
- made in advance; stored in secretory vesicles - exocytosis - dissolved in plasma - short half-life - receptor on cell membrane - activates 2nd messanger systems; may activate genes - modifies existing proteins; induction of new protein synthesis - ex. insulin, PTH
51
steroid hormones
- synthesized on demand from precursors - simple diffusion - bound to carrier proteins - long half-life - receptors in cytoplasm/nucleus - activation of genes for transcription and translation; some non-genomic - induction of new protein synthesis - ex. estrogen, androgens, cortisol
52
catecholamines
- amine hormones - made in advance; stored in secretory vesicles - release by exocytosis - dissolved in plasma - short half-life - receptors on cell membrane - activates 2nd messanger systems - modifies existing proteins - ex. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
53
Thyroid hormones
- amine hormone - made in advance; precursor stored in secretory vesicles - released in transport proteins - bound to carrier proteins - long half-life - receptors in nucleus - activates genes for transcription and translation - induction of new protein synthesis - ex. thyroxine (T4)
54
termination of signal pathways
- effect concentration of neurotransmitter - effect concentration of allosteric cofactors - increase enzymes that degrade the chemical signal itself - effect on second messangers like Ca2+
55
Epinephrine receptors
- a-receptor: epinephrine binds on intestinal blood vessel = vessel constricts - B-receptor: epinephrine binds on skeletal blood vessels = vessel dialation
56
abnormal signaling from vasopressin receptor (X-linked deficit)
- shortens receptor half-life (receptor is on the surface for a shorter time) - disease: congenital diabetes insipidus (can't reabsorb glucose/water)
57
abnormal signaling from Ca2+ sensor in parathyroid gland
- fails to respond to an increase in plasma Ca2+ - disease: familial hypercalcemia
58
abnormal signaling from rhodopsin receptor in retina of the eye
- improper protein folding - retinitis pigmentosa
59
bordetella pertussis toxin
- blocks inhibition of adenylyl cyclase - condition: whooping cough
60
cholera toxin
- blocks enzyme activity of G proteins; cell keeps making cAMP - condition: ions secreted into lumen of intestine leading to diarrhea
61
tonic control
signal is constantly active, just varies in intensity
62
antagonistic control
different signals send parameters in different directions - negative feedback
63
peripheral receptors
chemoreceptor, osmoreceptor, thermoreceptor, baroreceptor, proprioceptor, other mechanoreceptors
64
neural signals
- neurotransmitters - electrical, chemical - fast signal - shorter duration - intensity increases frequency
65
endocrine signals
- hormones - chemical signal only - slower - longer duration - intensity increases hormone concentration
66
neuroendocrine signal
- neurohormones - electrical and chemical signal
67
first order reflex pattern
- stimulus > receptor > hypothalamus > hormone released > target > response - relatively quick - ex. oxytocin, ADH
68
second order reflex pattern
stimulus > receptor > neurohormone > endocrine cell receptor > hormone released > target > response - ex. FSH, LH, ACTH, TH, prolactin, GH
69
third order
stimulus > receptor > neurohormone > endocrine cell receptor > hormone released > second endocrine cell receptor > second hormone released > target > response - ex. HPA (adrenal), HPT (thyroid), HPG (gonadal)
70
Prohormone
has peptide fragment that must be cleaved for the hormone to be functional
71
Cholesterol (as a parent hormone)
- cholesterol > progesterone > corticosterone > aldosterone - cholesterol > progesterone > androstenedione > testosterone > dihydrotestosterone (DHT) - cholesterol > progesterone > androstenedione > estrone > estradiol
72
intracellular receptors
1. most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell 2. steroid hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus (some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses) 3. the receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes 4. activated genes create new mRNA that moves back to the cytoplasm 5. translation produces new proteins for cell processes
73
derived from tryptophan
melatonin from pineal gland
74
derived from tyrosine
- one tyrosine: catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine: neuromodulator that effects transmission of a range of synapses) - two tyrosine: thyroid hormones (behave like steriod hormones) - Thyroxine (T4): transported more easily and then converted to triiodothyronine (T3): most biologically active
75
parathyroid hormone (simple endocrine reflex)
Low plasma (Ca2+) > parathyroid cell > parathyroid hormone > bone and kidney > increased bone resorption, increased reabsorption of Ca2+, production of calcitriol leads to increased intensitinal absorption of Ca2+ > increased plasma Ca2+
76
posterior pituitary
- stores and releases two neurohormones - neural tissue - stores hormones produced in hypothalamus - hypothalamus is stimulated > posterior pituitary secretes hormone
77
anterior pituitary
- epithelial origin - trophic hormones stimulate secretion of others - reculated by hypothalamic hormones
78

Physiology (BIO410) (4 decks)

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