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OB > Exam 2: Fetal & Placental Development > Flashcards

Exam 2: Fetal & Placental Development Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

conception

A

the fertilization of the
female ovum by the male sperm

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

-when a sperm enters the ovum and their nuclei unite.
-Usually occurs in the outer
third of the fallopian tube. Takes 3 days for the zygote to reach the uterine cavity.

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3
Q

Implantation

A

-when the embryo buries itself in the upper segment of the uterine lining.

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4
Q

Pregnancy

A

referred to as gestation and lasts approximately 280 days (40 weeks)

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5
Q

Periods of Fetal Development

A

-Pre-embryonic
-embryonic
-Fetal

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6
Q

Pre-embryonic Period

A

Fertilization through the first two weeks. Period of the zygote.

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7
Q

Embryonic Period

A

third through eighth
week.
-Highly vulnerable to teratogens, viruses, drugs, radiation, or infections.
-End of 8th week, all organ systems and external structures are present and
unmistakably human

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8
Q

Fetal period

A

-Eighth week through the
fortieth week or birth. Viability now possible at 23-24 weeks after conception.

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9
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

1) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(hCG): Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen
until the placenta assumes that function

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10
Q

estrogen

A

2) Estrogen: Produced by the ovaries during menstrual cycle. Placenta assumes production after the 6th or 7th week. Increases vascularity

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11
Q

Progesterone

A

3) Progesterone: Produced by the corpus luteum and then the placenta.
Most important pregnancy hormone as
it maintains the endometrium and
prevents abortion. Relaxes smooth muscle and maintains the pregnancy

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12
Q

Human Placental Lactogen

A

4) Human Placental Lactogen
(hPL): Increases availability of glucose for the fetus. Levels
increase steadily during
pregnancy

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13
Q

Relaxin

A

Inhibits uterine
activity, softens connective
tissue, relaxes pelvic joints

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14
Q

Ovulation

A

-Single mature egg
releases from ovary
and travels down the
fallopian tube for 3
days
-Oocyte remains viable
for 24 hours

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15
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

-300 million sperm released in each ejaculate
-Goal is to reach oocyte
-8-10 hours to reach egg
-Last up to 48 hours

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

Spermatozoa travel to
the ampulia of the
fallopian tube where
fertilization takes
place.

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17
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Fallopian Tube

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18
Q

Zygote

A

-Contains all DNA
needed
-½ from the egg and ½
from the sperm
-Travels down fallopian
tube and divides

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19
Q

Blastocyst

A

-Zygote creates inner
group of cells with
outer shell
-Reaches the uterus
around day 5
-Implants on day 6

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20
Q

Placenta

A

-Continuous process
-Begins at fertilization
-Outer layer of
blastocyst becomes
placenta and fetal
membranes

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21
Q

Placenta

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A

-Means of metabolic exchange
-Filters some harmful substances from reaching fetus
-Covers about half uterine surface
-Function depends on maternal blood pressure

22
Q

Functions of the Placenta

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A

-Respiration
-Nutrition
-Excretion
-Storage
-Provides hormones to sustain pregnancy
-Transfers immunity

23
Q

Shiny Schultz

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A

Placental Fetal Side

24
Q

Dirty Duncan

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A

Maternal Side of placenta

25
Implantation
-Trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) buries into uterine lining about day 6 -Embryo rapidly grows -Differentiation occurs -Most susceptible to damage in first 3-5 weeks
26
Fetal Membranes
1. Amnion 2. Chorion
27
Chorion
-Outermost membrane, closest to uterine lining -Contains the major umbilical blood vessels -Chorionic villi infiltrate maternal tissues and become the fetal side of the placenta.
28
Amnion
-Inner membrane -Embryo draws amnion around itself forming a fluid filled sac -Later adheres to the chorion *Chorioamnionitis: refers to the infection of both of these membranes.
29
Umbilical Cord
3 vessels: 1 vein & 2 arteries -if cord is too short or too long it can cause problems.
30
Wharton's Jelly
prevents compression of the blood vessels.
31
Amniotic Fluid
-Full term: approximately 800-1200 mL fluid -Oligohydramnios: less than 300 mL of amniotic fluid. Can be related to problem with fetal renal development -Polyhydramnios/Hydramnios: more than 2,000 mL of amniotic fluid. Can be related to problem with fetal GI development
32
Component of Amniotic Fluid
Albumin -Urea -Uric acid -Creatinine -Lechithin -Sphingomyelin *Determines fetal lung maturity -Bilirubin -Fat -Fructose -Leukocytes -Proteins -Enzymes -Lanugo hairs
33
Functions of amniotic Fluid
Cushions fetus; umbilical cord -Allows freedom of movement for musculo-skeletal development -Keeps baby from tangling with membranes -Helps maintain body temperature -Source of oral fluid and waste repository
34
Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic Fluid Index Normal: 5-15
35
Week 4
-3/16 “ -All systems present -Heart has 2 chambers -Heart begins to beat -Blood vessel and cell Formation begin -CV system-1st organ system to function
36
Week 5
-Heart develops into a four chambered organ -Brain areas delineated -Kidneys forming -Risk for anomalies highest to this point -Bronchi and first phase of lung development
37
Week 6
-Eyes and ears -Urethra patent -Liver and spleen produce RBC’s
38
Week 7
-Fetal movement begins -Facial features -External genitalia appear -Intestines forming in umbilical cord
39
Week 8
-7/8 “ -Body formed -All organs and structures laid down -Head disproportionately large, liver large -First indication of bone ossification -Embryonic stage ends (most critical time in development) -Fetal stage starts- no longer an embryo
40
2nd month
Limbs begin to form and a tiny heart begins to beat
41
Week 12
3 “ long and 1.5 oz -Sense of smell and taste -Eyes fused -Lungs begin “practice breathing” -Alveolar ducts begin developing -Can hear heartbeat with doppler -Fingers and toes well defined -Nails appear -Intestines move into abdomen -Kidneys begin to form urine -Fetus sucks and swallows -Gender becomes apparent -Fetus can respond to stimuli
42
Week 16
-8 ½ “ and 6 oz -Lanugo covers body -Eyebrows and eyelashes -Can suck thumb -Meconium develops -Stems cells develop -sex is evident
43
Week 20
-12 “ and ½-1 pound -Vernix forms -Hair on head -Skin wrinkled and red -Ovaries contain eggs -Fetal movement felt by mother (16-20 weeks) -Placenta is fully developed
44
Week 24
-Fetus becomes viable: although some babies have survived as early as 22 weeks -14 “ and 1-1/2 pounds -Hears, reacts to sound -Eyes respond to light -Begins to deposit fat -Alveolar sacs develop
45
Week 28
-16 “ and 2 ½-3 pounds -Skin is still thin and red -Second brain growth spurt -Eyelids open -Able to see -Lecithin forming in alveolar surface
46
Week 32
-18” and 3 ½ - 4 pounds -Nails extend to ends of fingers -Lanugo disappears from face -Lays down white fat -Begins to store calcium, iron and glucose -Antibodies cross placenta from mother
47
Week 36
-Skin pink -LS/PG ratio 2:1 -Lung development almost complete
48
Week 40
-Muscle tone developed -Brain myelination of brain beginning -Labia majora well developed -Testes and scrotum well developed -Patterned sleep-wake cycle -Suck-swallow-breathe developed
49
Teratogens
Greatest effect on the organs and parts of an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and differentiation, days 15-60.
50
Types of teratogens
* Drugs * Chemicals * Infections * Radiation
51
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
severely affect mental development throughout gestation.

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