EXAM 2 - Forest Management and Environmental Ethics + Evonomics Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
The US Forest Service mission includes ?
A
- research
- protecting national forests
- cooperating w state and private forest owners
2
Q
What is the difference between even-aged and uneven-aged stand management?
A
Even = shelterwood, clearcutting
Uneven = strip-cutting, selective cutting
3
Q
An anthropocentric worldview would consider the impact of an action on?
A
Humans only
4
Q
Which ethic holds that people should use resources “for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time” ?
A
Conservation ethic
5
Q
An ethical view of wildlife that is focused on the uses of the wildlife (fur, meat, skin/hide) is considered?
A
Utilitarian
6
Q
Which economic view is based on the goal of a steady-state economy?
A
Ecological
7
Q
Which of the following is an ecosystem good?
A
Lumber products
8
Q
Which of the following is a method for estimating the value of ecosystem services?
A
- cost of replacing ecosystem services w technology
- prices people are willing to pay
- cost of preserving intact ecosystem vs cost of converting to agriculture
9
Q
Which of the following non-market values represent the value from knowing a species or ecosystem is present somewhere in the world?
A
Existence value
10
Q
The first wave of environmental policy in the US was designed to?
A
encourage settlement and resource extraction
11
Q
According to NEPA, before the government can embark on a major development project, it must complete a(n)?
A
environmental impact statement
12
Q
What is NOT a responsibility of the EPA?
A
- monitor environmental quality
- set and enforce pollutant standards
- conduct and evaluate research
- educate the public
13
Q
The second wave of environmental policy in the US was intended to?
A
promote preservation and conservation
14
Q
The third wave of environmental policy in the US developed as?
A
- rachel carson writing “silent spring”
- gaylord nelson starting Earth Day
15
Q
what are the largest forest types?
A
boreal and tropical rainforest
16
Q
temperate rainforest is what region?
A
costal cali/oregon
17
Q
tropical rainforest is..
A
super diverse, and layered in canopies
18
Q
tropical dry forests get..
A
tropical dry forests get PULSES of rain/wet and dry seasons; not enough rain to be considered FULLY TROPICAL
19
Q
what do global forests store?
A
global forests store more carbon than the atmosphere
20
Q
when is CO2 released in forests?
A
when forests burn or trees decompose
21
Q
what are the US FOREST TYPES?
A
- Northern forests (NF)
- Central forests (CF)
- Southern forests (SF)
- Bottomland forests (BF)
- West Coast forests (WCF)
- Western Interior forests (WIF)
22
Q
washington DC USA is what type?
A
temperate deciduous
23
Q
nagasaki japan is what type of forest?
A
temperate rainforest (cold and warm season + rainfall variation)
24
Q
bogor, java, indonesia, is what type of forest?
A
tropical rainforest (no seasons, consistent weather)
25
what type of rangeland is darwin, australia
tropical dry forest
26
what type of land is archangelsk, russia?
boreal forest
27
where are NF located? and what types of trees?
Upper northern right of the US; maine, michigan, NY, ohio, etc.
aspen, maple, beach, and birch trees
28
where are CF located? and what types of trees?
middle right of the US; illinois, missouri, pennysylvania, W Virginia, etc.
oak and hickory
29
where are SF located? and what types of trees?
lower right of US; florida, georgia, N&S carolina, etc.
loblolly, shortleaf pine/longleaf, slash pine
30
where are BF located? and what types of trees?
inland right of US; “mississippi river”
oak, gum, and cypress
31
where are WCF located? and what types of trees?
extreme left of the us; coast of cali, oregon, washington, etc.
douglas, hemlock, sitka spruce, redwood
32
where are WIF located? and what types of trees?
SCATTERED CLUMPS in Western US; NV, oregon, montana, idaho, new mexico, wyoming, utah, colorado, arizona, etc.
ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine
33
forests get named after what?
the most dominant tree
34
layers of the forest? (top to bottom)
canopy, subcanopy, undersoil, shrub layer, soil
35
what is a dead standing tree called?
a snag
36
what services do forests provide?
- produce oxygen
- purify water, filters pollution
- return organic matter to soil
- slow runoff, prevents flossing
- transports minerals to soil surface
- stores carbon
- supports biodiversity
- provide fuel wood, lumber, paper, medicines, dyes, foods, and fibers
- provide health, beauty, recreation
- stabilize soil, prevent erosion
37
how much wood is harvested for fuel?
globally, about of 50% all wood is harvested for fuel!
38
primary vs secondary forest?
Primary forest is the most biologically diverse type of forest. Secondary forest is rainforest that has been disturbed in some way, naturally or unnaturally.
39
what is maximum sustainable yield?
- Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act (1960)
- wood produced MUST equal wood used
40
we extract timber from what lands?
private and public lands.
41
define forest land
land that is at least 10% covered by trees
(33% of total land area in US)
42
commerical forest industry includes what?
- forest industry (14%)
- private owners (58%)
43
what agencies manage US forests?
- Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Fish and Wildlife Service
- US Forest Service (USFS)
44
what does the USFS do?
- manage forests for “greatest good of the greatest number in the long run”
- mission - sustain the health diversity and productivity of the nations forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations
- administer and protect national forests
- research (forest, range, watershed, recreation management, wildlife habitat improvement, forest product development, fire and pest control)
- cooperative w state and private forest owners for smooth processings/management
45
describe the National Forest Management Act 1976
- consider ENVIRONMENTAL and ECONOMIC factors
- diverse ecological communities
- research and monitoring of management
- increase harvests only if sustainable
- timber harvest only where IMPACTS can be MINIMIZED
46
what is a logging plan
map w distribution, age, and volume of tree species
47
what are the harvesting methods?
- even-aged stand methods (clear cutting)
- uneven-aged stand methods (selective and strip cutting)
48
pros of clear cutting?
- quick and simple
- shrubs provide habitat
- best way to grow Douglas Fir
- control disease
- maximum return
- increased timber value
49
cons of clear cutting?
- runoff and erosion
- OLD GROWTH replaced w MONOCULTURE
- promotes BLOWDOWN
- decreased biological diversity
- less recreational value
- fire hazard!
50
describe logging process
- trees cut down
- limos (branches) removed
- trunks cut into logs
- logs to trucks or train
- wood to pulp-plant or sawmill
51
what is natural reseeding in reforestation?
- mature tree left as seed source
- seeds DISPERSED by wind, birds, rodents
- must reach bare ground
- may be eaten
52
describe seeding by forests
- aerial seeding (planting via drone, plane, heli)
- seedlings coated w toxic deterrent
- flat areas — seeding machines
53
how do we develop genetically superior trees?
- hybridization
- selective breeding
- seed orchards
- tissue culture
54
heartwood decay in trees is also known as?
“heart rot”
55
large populations of what are harmful to trees?
large pops of insects can kill a tree
56
describe Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- use biological control agents (natural predators and parasites)
- use SELECTIVE CUTTING instead of EVEN AGED mgmt
- remove bark damaged trees
57
list the fire suppression methods
- firebreaks
- backfires
- fire-retardant chemicals
- smoke jumpers
58
fire methods depend on:
- size of fire
- terrain
- type of fire
- wind direction
- road location
- water availability
- relative humidity
59
describe 1972 national park service
- wildfires permitted to burn under CAREFUL WATCH in 17 national parks
60
what do periodic fires do?
- revitalize old growth forests
- encourage new plant growth
- nourish soil
61
describe the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burris Act of 1971
- specific protections for “all UNBRANDED and UNCLAIMED HORSES and burros on public lands of the US
- requires DEPT of INTERIOR AND AGRICULTURE to PROTECT the animals
- requires studies and public land for their use
62
define culture
knowledge, beliefs, values and learned ways of life shared by a group of people
63
define worldview
a persons beliefs about the meaning of the world
64
define categorical imperative
treat others as we would prefer to be treated
65
define principle of utility
something is right when it produces practical benefits for the most people
66
define instrumental value
the pragmatic benefits of put to use
67
define intrinsic value
the RIGHT of something to EXIST and be valuable for its own sake
68
what type of ethics?
should the present generation CONSERVE RESOURCES for FUTURE generations?
sustainability
69
what type of ethics?
is it ok for some communities to be EXPOSED to more POLLUTION than others?
environmental ethics
70
what type of ethics?
is it ok to DESTROY a forest to CREATE JOBS for people?
intrinsic vs instrumental values
71
what type of ethics?
are HUMANS JUSTIFIED in driving other SPECIES TO EXTINCTION?
intrinsic vs instrumental values
72
three types of ethical perspectives or world view that affect our resource use?
- anthropocentric
- biocentric
- ecocentric
73
define anthropocentric
human centered env ethic
74
define biocentric
values all living things
75
define ecocentric
considers living and NON living components
76
what happened to the US’S environmental ethical stance during the industrial revolution?
went from anthropocentric (human centered) to biocentric and ecocentric views
77
who had the preservation ethic?
JOHN MUIR (1838-1914)
78
who had conservation ethic?
GIFFORD PINCHOT (1865-1946)
79
“the highest possible le use which could be made of” the valley is quoted from who?
gifford pinchot (conservation)
80
describe preservation ethic
- PROTECT the natural environment in a PRISTINE and UNALTERED state
- nature is key for human happiness
- US department of THE INTERIOR
- national parks
81
describe conservation ethic
- natural resources are for HUMAN USE, but should be MANAGED WISELY
- promotes PRUDENT, EFFICIENT EXTRACTION of RESOURCES
- utilitarian
- US department of AGRICULTURE
- national forests
82
who’s land ethic inspired people?
Aldo Leopold
Wildfire manager and environmental philosopher (1857-1949)
83
how did the environmental justice movement start?
1980 protest against toxic waste dump
84
define conventional economic view
the environment is a subset of the economy
85
define ecological economic view
economies are subsets of the environment and the two are INTERDEPENDENT
86
define ecosystem goods
natural resources, the substances, and forces we need to survive
87
define ecosystem services
essential services provided by ecosystems which support life and make economic activity possible.
88
what are the assumptions of conventional economies?
- replacing resources
- external costs
- discounting
- growth
89
how sustainable is economic growth?
NOT SUSTAINABLE
90
what are some examples of external costs?
- health impacts
- aesthetic damage
- depletion of resources
- financial loss
91
describe cornucopians!
POSITIVE FOR GROWTH
- economists, business people, policy makers
- improved tech allowed us to grow indefinitely
92
describe cassandra’s
NEGATIVE FOR GROWTH
- scientists and others
- scarce resources can lead to economic COLLAPSE
93
describe conventional view
- growth = good
- technology solves all problems
94
define use value
the worth of something we use DIRECTLY
95
define existence value
worth of something knowing that something exists, even if we never experience it ourselves
96
define option value
worth of something we might use later
97
define aesthetic value
the worth of something’s beauty or emotional appeal
98
define scientific value
worth of something for research
99
define education value
worth of something for education and learning
100
define cultural value
worth of something that sustains or helps define a culture
101
define GDP
gross domestic product
102
define GPI
genuine progress indicator
- economic
- environmental
- social
103
define HPI
happy planet index
= (well-being x life expectancy x income inequality)/ ecological footprint
