Exam 2: GI Flashcards
(25 cards)
GI system purposes
digestion, absorption, metabolism
Infant vs Children’s GI system
Liver function immature at birth
Enzymes deficientt until 4-6 months old
Abd distension from gas common w/ infants
stomach capacity smaller
Liver enzymes are deficient in infants until about what age?
4-6 months
Cleft lip and cleft palate are a result of what?
failure of the maxillary process to fuse between 5-12 weeks gestation
failure of the tongue to move down at the correct time prevents the palatine process from fusing
Nursing Management: Cleft Palate
Facilitate feeding
psychosocial support
pre/post operative teaching
coordination of care
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
- foregut fails to lengthen, seperate, and fuse into two parallel tubes (esophagus and trachea) at 4-5 weeks gestation
- associated w/ maternal polyhydramios
Nursing Management: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
Identification: s/s of these infants
Preioperative teaching: suction is important preopertively and care of the gastrosomy tube postoperatively
Psychosocial support!
Gastroschisis and Omphalocele
Gastroschisis usually occurs to the right of the umbilicus and omphalocele occurs through the umbilical cord
Occurs in week 11 gestation when abdominal contents fail to return to the abdomen
Anorectal malformations
anal stenosis and anal atresia
failure of growth of urorectal septum, lateral meoderm structures, and ectodermal structures
Associated anomalies up to 70% of the time
Umbilical hernia
Unkown etiology
Around week 11 gestation the obliterated umbilical vessels occupy the space in the umbilical ring
T/F???
The umbilical hernia of the newborn usually closes as the muscles strentchen in lateri nfancy and childhood
True
Meckel’s diverticulum
Omphalomesenteric duct fails to atrophy
Outpouching of the ileum remains and contains gastric contents causing ulceration
Bowel obstruction, perforation, or perinoitis can occur
Hirschsprung disease
Congenital absence of ganglion cells in the rectum and colon
Genetically acquired and occurs when there is failure of the migration of neural crest cells in utero
Colon becomes a “megacolon”
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)
Faulty regulation of the immune resonpse of the intestinal mucosa
Usually genetically triggered
Crohn’s disease can cause inflammation and ulcers anywhere throughout the GI tract
Ulcerative colitis effects large intestine and rectal mucosa
Acquired GI Defects: Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophy of the circular pylorus muscle
Stenosis occurs betwn stomach and duodenum
Intussusception
intestine invaginates into another
Mesentary becomes inflamed and obstruction can occur
Gastroesophageal reflux
3 mechanisms allow reflux to occur: lower esophageal relaxations, incomeptent lower esophageal sphincter, anatomic disruption of esophagogastric junction
Reflux acidity damages the esophageal mucosa
Gastroenteritis
Acute vs. chronic diarrhea caused by virus, bacterial or parasites
Appendicitis
Caused by an obstruction of the appendiciceal lumen, causing edema
As edema continues, vascular supply is compromised and bacteria invade, which can lead to a ruptured appendix
Colic
Paroxysmal abdominal pain of intestinal origin and severe crying
occurs between 2 weeks old and 3 months old
Etiology unknown
Hepatic disorders
Biliary atresia
viral hepatitis
cirrhosis
Signs of Hepatic disorders
Jaundice
Easy bruising, intense itching
white or clay colored stools
tea colored urine
Clues to GI disorders in children
Vomiting or abdominal pain
failure to thrive
stool changes
Potential signs of GI Emergencies in Infants
Excessive salivation w/ cyanosis, coughing, and choking in newborn: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
Abdominal viscera outside the abdominal cavity when born: gastroschisis and omphalocele
Anorectal malformations
