Exam 2- Head and Neck Pathology Flashcards
(53 cards)
realm of ENT?
-otolaryngology includes: dzs of nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx & laryngopharynx
B/c ENT area is a tougher stratified squamous mucous, how does it behave? what does it behave similarly to?
-degenerative, inflammatory & neoplastic influences
what can cause tooth decay/cavities/caries?
processed carbohydrates
bacterial= acidic erosion of enamel
tartar–> plaque–> calculus= bac, proteins, cells can get trapped
what is periodontal dz? caused by and outcome?
infection with actinobacilli, porphyromonas and prevotella species which cause travel from the gingiva–> periodontal ligaments–> bone–> cementum and erode all of them
What is an irritation fibroma?
inflammatory endpoint or a true neoplasm
what is a pyogenic granuloma?
pops out like a tumor & is 100% indistinguishable from normal granulation tissue, looks like normal and healthy tissue
would you expect a pyogenic granuloma to blanch? a fibroma?
would expect a pyogenic granuloma to blanch
would NOT expect a fibroma to blanch
what is an aphthous ulcer? causes?
canker sore
40% of pop has had/has them
caused by: stress, fatigue, illness, trauma, hormonal changes, menstruation, sudden weight loss, food allergies, vit B12, iron & folic acid deficiencies
what causes glossitis? what else is it known as?
- bacterial or viral infection
- mechanical irritation or injury, trauma
- tobacco, alcohol, hot foods or spices
- allergic rxns to mouth products
- iron deficiency anemia, pernicious, B vit deficiencies, oral lichen planus, erythema multiforme, aphthous ulcer, pemphigus vulgaris, syphilis, etc
- occasionally can be inherited
- geographic tongue
where does type 1 herpes infxn occur? type 2?
classically type 1 was oral and type 2 was genital but nowadays crossover is very common
how do you differentiate between something chronic and acute (such as in an oral herpes infxn)?
generally more inflammation= more acute
what is a Tzanck smear? when do you see a positive Tzanck?
- gently scrape a vesicle, smear it, stain, look for much larger than usu squamous nuclei with inclusions
- (+) Tzanck usu seen in herpes infection
what is candida also known as? what is it? who gets it? where do you see it?
- monilia, thrush
- whitish oral film, easily wiped off but bleeds afterwards
- kids, immunocompromised, diabetics
- see it in moist, non-keratinized stratified squamous mucous (mouth, vagina, moist genital skin areas)
what is PAS?
- periodic acid-schiff
- staining method used to detect polysaccharides (glycogen) & mucosubstances (glycoproteins, glycolipids & mucins)
what does PAS illuminate in a slide?
- non-septate hyphae along with yeasts & budding yeast
- DIAGNOSTIC if you find these things
what color does PAS turn yeasts & pseudohyphae relative to other squamous & inflammation, etc?
turns it BRIGHT RED
describe what leukoplakia looks like and where one finds it along with specific characteristics
- dry flat plaque
- oral mucosa
- non-malignant, non-dysplastic, 100% reversible, some are PREMALIGNANT
is leukoplakia a clinical description or a specific clinical or pathological entity?
it is a CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
-can range anywhere b/w hyperkeratosis/inflammation to carcinoma
what is hairy leukoplakia usu a sign of ?
HIV
what is the progression from normal tissue to malignancy?
normal–> dysplasia–> carcinoma in situ–> infiltrating malignancy
where can SCC occur? no matter what?
can occur on ANY LOCATION no matter the genetics, molecular bio or etiology
what is a classic appearance of scc?
infiltrating or infiltrative scc of the mouth will have ulceration and induration under the ulcer bed
what are the 3 types of differentiation in scc?
well, poor, moderate
what can you see in well scc?
pearls
