Exam 2 Homework Questions

Question 1

If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?

Answer 1

Construct Validity

Question 2

If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are your collecting?

Answer 2

Criterion Validity

Question 3

Cronbach’s Alpha is used to calculate what?

Answer 3

Internal Consistency Reliability

Question 4

Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?

Answer 4

Interrater

Question 5

The maximum level of validity possible is equal to what?

Answer 5

The square root of the reliability coefficient

Question 6

What would the inter-rater reliability be for a 50 item measure in which the number of agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?

Answer 6

0.90

Question 7

If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis…

Answer 7

are inconclusive

Question 8

Which of the following is concerned with monitoring estimates of present performance and predictions of future performance?

Answer 8

Predictive Validity

Question 9

This type of validity is determined by the association between the test scores and some specified present or future criterion.

Answer 9

Criterion Validity

Question 10

This explores the question “how do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. measures what it is supposed to?”

Answer 10

Validity

Question 11

The treatment variable in an analysis is called the…

Answer 11

Independent Variable

Question 12

The actual or measured score is called _______

Answer 12

The observed score

Question 13

This is the level of measurement where outcomes are based on some underlying continuum where it is possible to speak about how much more a higher performance is than a lower one:

Answer 13

Interval

Question 14

What is the key to establishing Criterion Validity?

Answer 14

Quality of Criterion

Question 15

The correlation between scores from time 1 and time 2 is called:

Answer 15

Test-Retest Reliability

Question 16

This is the difference between the observed and true scores:

Answer 16

The Error Score

Question 17

Only this level of measurement has a true zero

Answer 17

Ratio

Question 18

In terms of the reliability of test scores, there are multiple elements to each person’s score. The score that is actually recorded is the…

Answer 18

Observed Score

Question 19

High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type of validity?

Answer 19

Predictive Validity

Question 20

The outcome variable in an analysis is called the…

Answer 20

Dependent Variable

Question 21

What is the annotation for the experimental population?

Answer 21

Mu 1

Question 22

What is the annotation for the general population?

Answer 22

Mu2

Question 23

Optimally, it is possible to generalize you results from ________ to _________.

Answer 23

Your sample/A Larger Population

Question 24

What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified?

Answer 24

Directional hypothesis

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?

Answer 25

There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?

Answer 26

There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

Question 27

Which of the following means "before the fact"?

Answer 27

A priori

Question 28

What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?

Answer 28

Two-tailed Test

Question 29

If there is no difference between sample and population values, you will have:

Answer 29

No sampling error

Question 30

A hypothesis is best defined as ______________.

Answer 30

An educated guess

Question 31

A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a ___________.

Answer 31

Research hypothesis

Question 32

The null hypothesis refers to the ___________, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the __________.

Answer 32

Population/Sample

Question 33

A sample is best defined as ________________.

Answer 33

A smaller group selected from a given population

Question 34

What test do you use to measure a directional research hypothesis?

Answer 34

A One-Tailed Test

Question 35

Null hypotheses refer to the following:

Answer 35

The Population

Question 36

The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the __________.

Answer 36

Sample

Question 37

Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population?

Answer 37

Sampling error

Question 38

If you were to hypothesize that test scores from classroom A will be higher than test scores from classroom B, you have a:

Answer 38

Directional research hypothesis

Question 39

In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample?

Answer 39

It is representative

Question 40

A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have:

Answer 40

A Lower Sampling Error

Question 41

Research hypotheses refer to the following:

Answer 41

The sample

Question 42

Which of the following is a nondirectional test?

Answer 42

A two-tailed test

Question 43

To calculate a z score, you:

Answer 43

Subtract the mean from the raw score and divide this difference by the standard deviation

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal curve?

Answer 44

Mean, median, and mode are the same

Question 45

If a distribution has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 2, what value would be -4 standard deviations from the mean?

Answer 45

17

Question 46

What type of standard score has M=0 and SD=1?

Answer 46

Z-Score

Question 47

In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?

Answer 47

16%

Question 48

The fact that the tails of a normal distribution never touch the horizontal axis relates to the following property:

Answer 48

Asymptotic

Question 49

If you want to calculate a z score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?

Answer 49

Mean and standard deviation

Question 50

Which of the following is true of z scores that fall above the mean?

Answer 50

They are positive

Question 51

T scores and z scores are both considered what type of score?

Answer 51

Standard Score

Question 52

When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?

Answer 52

Population is normally distributed

Question 53

What is the T score for a z score of -1?

Answer 53

40

Question 54

Under the normal curve, approximately what percent of scores fall between -1 and -2 standard deviations below the mean?

Answer 54

14%

Question 55

What two scores would divide a normal distribution such that 64.26% of the general population falls within them if the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15?

Answer 55

85 to 115

Question 56

If a distribution has a mean of 1000 and a standard deviation of 100, how many standard deviations is 600 from the mean?

Answer 56

-4

Question 57

What is the basis for the normal curve?

Answer 57

Probability

Question 58

What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness?

Answer 58

Mean, median, and mode

Question 59

z scores which fall above the mean will be ________________.

Answer 59

Positive

Question 60

Under the normal curve, if a z score of 1.65 included 45% of the area above the mean, what percent remains above 1.65 on the X axis?

Answer 60

5%

Question 61

A score that is three standard deviations above the mean would have a z score of:

Answer 61

3

Question 62

This percentage of scores fall on either side of the distribution:

Answer 62

50%

Question 63

When you accept a false null hypothesis, you are making a ______________.

Answer 63

Type II Error

Question 64

What does 1 - β represent?

Answer 64

Power

Question 65

If you want to examine the difference between the average scores for students on a pre-test/ post-test measure, which statistical technique should you select?

Answer 65

Dependent Samples T-test

Question 66

How well a statistical test can detect and reject a null hypothesis when it is false refers to ______.

Answer 66

Power

Question 67

If you want to examine the difference between the average scores of two unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select?

Answer 67

Independent Samples T-Test

Question 68

After you compare the obtained value with the critical value, you:

Answer 68

Reject the null hypothesis if the obtained value is more extreme than the critical value

Question 69

After you provide a statement of the null hypothesis, you:

Answer 69

Set the significance level

Question 70

p < .05 means that there is less than 1 chance in ____ that any differences found were not due to the hypothesized reason.

Answer 70

20

Question 71

The significance level is also known as ________________.

Answer 71

Type I Error

Question 72

Power is equal to:

Answer 72

The value of the type II error subtracted from 1

Question 73

Type II error is related to a factor such as _________________.

Answer 73

Sample size

Question 74

The degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true is called ______________.

Answer 74

Significance Level

Question 75

As compared with a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval would result in:

Answer 75

A wider range of values in the confidence interval

Question 76

If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?

Answer 76

Reject the null hypothesis

Question 77

When you reject the null hypothesis when there is actually no difference between groups or relationships between variables, you are making a:

Answer 77

Type I error

Question 78

The level of chance or risk that you were willing to take is expressed as ...

Answer 78

A significance level

Question 79

A(n) ____________ difference is due to some systematic influence and not due to chance.

Answer 79

Significant

Question 80

Which of the following is a statement of equality?

Answer 80

Null hypothesis

Question 81

What is the error that cannot be controlled called?

Answer 81

Chance