Exam 2: Learning Objectives Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
boundaries of thoracic cavity
A
anterior = sternum posterior = spine inferior = diaphragm superior = superior thoracic aperture
2
Q
compartments of thoracic cavity
A
right pleural cavity - right lung
left pleural cavity - left lung
inferior mediastinum - heart
superior mediastinum
3
Q
components of thoracic WALL
A
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
- ribs
- intercostal muscles
4
Q
functions of thoracic WALL
A
- protection
- muscle attachments
- respiration
5
Q
three types of ribs and their unique feature
A
- true ribs: ribs 1-7, direct cartilage attachment to sternum
- false ribs: ribs 8-10, indirect cartilage attachment to sternum via coalescent cartilage
- floating ribs: ribs 11 and 12, no attachment to sternum
6
Q
general structure of rib
A
head of rib - articulates with body of vertebra
NECK of rib
costal tubercle - articulates with transverse process of vertebra
costal angle - sharp change in rib direction
shaft of rib
7
Q
three rib joints and their synovial classification
A
- costotransverse: costal tubercle of rib and transverse process of vertebra
- sternocostal: costal cartilage and sternum
- costovertebral: head of rib and body of vertebra
SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION FOR ALL 3: PLANE/GLIDE
8
Q
first rib unique landmarks
A
- scalene tubercle - boundary between two grooves of first rib
- groove for subclavian artery (posterior to scalene tubercle)
- groove for subclavian vein (anterior to scalene tubercle)
9
Q
sternal angle
A
fusion between manubrium and body of sternum, also at same lcoation where second rib attaches
10
Q
medial/lateral dimension of diaphgram
A
inspiration: ribs elevate, mid-shaft moves lateral
expiration: ribs depress, mid-shaft moves medial
rib movement is comparable to bucket handle movement
11
Q
anterior/posterior dimension of diaphragm movement
A
inspiration: ribs elevate, sternum moves up and forward
expiration: ribs depress, sternum moves down and back
rib and sternum movement comparable to pump handle movement
12
Q
vertical dimension of diaphragm
A
contraction/inhalation = diaphragm flattens - inferior displacement (makes sense because thoracic cavity is getting bigger with more air and pushing diaphragm down)
relaxation/exhalation = diaphragm is dome shaped (thoracic cavity gets small and diaphragm comes back up in dome size)
13
Q
name of nerves for T1-T6
A
intercostal nerves or upper intercostal nerves
14
Q
name of nerves for T7-T11
A
thoracoabdominal nerves, lower intercostal nerves
15
Q
name of nerve for T12
A
subcostal nerve
16
Q
T4 landmark of innervation
A
includes nipples
17
Q
T6 landmark of innervation
A
xiphoid process of sternum
18
Q
T10 landmark of innervation
A
includes umbilicus
19
Q
what are the four parietal nodes?
A
parasternal, intercostal, posterior mediastinal, diaphragmatic
20
Q
what are four visceral nodes?
A
pulmonary, bronchopulmonary, tracheobronchial, paratracheal
people bring the party ;) !!
21
Q
branching of bronchial tree
A
primary/main bronchii = right and left lung
secondary/lobar bronchii = towards lobes of each lung
tertiary/segmental bronchii = towards bronchopulmonary segments
22
Q
medial surfaces of right lung
A
esophagus
heart impression
veins: superior vena cava, azygos vein
23
Q
medial surfaces of left lung
A
esophagus
heart impression
arteries = thoracic aorta, aortic arch
24
Q
lung root is comprised of
A
pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, primary bronchii
25
structure of right lung root
[RA]
| Right lung: pulmonary artery is ANTERIOR to primary bronchus
26
structure of left lung root
[LS]
| Left lung: pulmonary artery is SUPERIOR to primary bronchus
27
pleural coverings of lung
```
parietal = covers wall of lung, goes down to cover superior border of diaphragm
visceral = covers lung
```
28
4 regions of parietal pleura
cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
29
recesses of lungs
costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
30
layers of pericardium, from superficial to deep
```
FPV ME
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium*
**visceral pericardium (aka epicardium)*
**myocardium
**endocardium
```
* makes up serous membranes
* *on/within the heart directly
31
surface features of heart
```
apex of heart (bottom tip)
right atrium and auricle
right ventricle
left atrium and auricle
left ventricle
```
```
sulci:
coronary sulcus (coronary sinus vein lies here)
anterior interventricular sulcus
```
```
featured vessels:
SVC
ascending and arch of aorta
pulmonary trunk and arteries
pulmonary veins
```
32
internal features of right atrium
```
crista terminalis (ridge between pectinate m. and interatrial septum
pectinate muscles (interior walls)
interatrial septum
fossa ovalis!!!!! remnant shallow depression from foramen ovale
```
orifices:
valve orifice of coronary sinus
valve orifice of inferior vena cava
R AV orifice with AV valve - opening for right ventricle
33
internal features of right ventricle
```
trabeculae carneae
R AV/tricuspid valve
chordinea tendinae
anterior papillary muscles
posterior papillary muscles
septal papillary muscles
interventricular septum
**septomarginal trabecula/moderator band
**conus arteriosus
**supraventricular crest
**valve of pulmonary trunk
```
34
what is the septomarginal trabecula
aka moderator band
sx: band of cardiac muscle with a transversal orientation, connects septum to right marginal wall of heart
fxn: helps with R side conduction system by allowing rapid diffusion of electrical impulse from interventricular septum to right marginal wall = proper timing of RV contraction
35
internal features of left atrium
crista terminalis
pectinate muscles
valve of foramen ovale
interatrial septum
36
internal features of left ventricle
```
trabeculae carneae of interventricular septum
chordinae tendinae
anterior papillary muscles
posterior papillary muscles
bicuspid/mitral/L AV valve
```
37
explain arrangement between chordae tendineae and heart valves
@ atrial contraction:
blood is flowing from atrium to ventricle (follows high to low pressure), valves are open
@ ventricular contraction:
ventricles = high pressure, atrium = low pressure. blood wants to flow from high to low, aka backwards flow from ventricle to atrium. But is prohibited by closure of valves via chordinae tendineae. papillary muscles stabilize chordinae tendineae.
set-up is analogous to someone skydiving with parachute
valves = parachute
chordinae tendinae = strings of parachute
papillary muscles = human
38
cardiac auscultation site for semilunar valves
intercostal space of 2nd rib
39
cardiac auscultation site for AV valves
5th rib intercostal space
40
pulmonary circulation review
from right ventricle, deoxygenated blood flows out via pulmonary semilunar valve —> pulmonary trunk —> R/L pulmonary arteries —> R/L lungs —> exchange CO2 with O2 —> oxygenated blood flows back to heart via pulmonary veins —> left atrium
41
arterial anastomoses of heart
| are these anastomoses actually useful?
right coronary artery —<>— circumflex artery (LCA)
anterior interventricular artery (LCA) —<>— posterior interventricualr artery (RCA)
useful? NO - heart is too metabolically active that anastomoses wouldn’t be able to supply enough blood that the heart needs to survive
42
location of SA node, AV node, atrioventricular bundle
SA node: superior aspect of right atrium
AV node: inferior aspect of right atrium
atrioventricular bundle: interventricular septum
43
anatomy of cardiac referred pain
myocardium has pain receptors - these visceral afferent axons share their cell bodies in the same dorsal root ganglion with the general somatic axons.
because cell bodies of somatic and visceral axons are shared, it results into the body feeling pain of the skin when the heart feels pain.
what areas of skin specifically? L side of shoulder, pec, and medial UE
44
FOSSA OVALIS:
where is it found
what is it a remnant of
what was its location of shunted blood
found in: right atrium
remnant of: foramen ovale
shunted blood: between R and L atrium
45
LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
where is it found
what is it a remnant of
structures of shunted blood
found: ligament between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk, at superficial layer, anterior to L recurrent laryngeal nerve
remnant of: ductus arteriosus
structures: pulmonary trunk to aortic arch — this was because during fetal stage, lungs are basically non-functioning so pulmonary circulation was skipped. blood from R ventricle went into pulmonary trunk and straight into aortic arch.
46
pulmonary circulation at fetal stage
lungs non-functioning!!! so pulmonary circulation was essentially non-existent - pulmonary arteries and veins had very little blood flow. blood from R ventricle went into pulmonary trunk and straight into aortic arch instead of going to lungs.
47
deep cervical fascia layers
investing fascia (superficial) “deep fascia of extremities”
pretracheal
prevertebral
carotid sheath
48
contents of deep cervical fascia: investing layer
completely encircles: neck, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
49
contents of deep cervical fascia: pretracheal fascia
trachea, esophagus, thyroid cartilage
| columnar structure as it goes down trachea and esophagus
50
contents of deep cervical fascia: prevertebral fascia
vertebral disc
| spinal cord
51
relative location and contents of deep cervical fascia: carotid sheath
contents:
internal jugular vein (lateral)
common carotid artery (medial)
vagus nerve (posterior and between IJV and CCA)
location: medial to SCM
52
suprahyoid muscles of anterior neck (4 total)
geniohyoid
anterior digastric AND posterior digastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
53
infrahyoid muscles of anterior neck
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
superior omohyoid AND inferior omohyoid
54
posterior triangles of neck
occipital triangle
| supraclavicular triangle
55
anterior triangles of the neck
submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular
56
borders of anterior triangle
mandible, midline of neck, SCM
57
borders of posterior triangle
anterior border of trapezius, SCM, clavicle
58
borders and contents of: occipital triangle
borders:
trapezius
SCM
inferior belly of omohyoid m.
content:
trunks of branchial plexus
accessory nerve (CN XI)
59
borders and contents of: supraclavicular triangle
borders:
SCM
inferior belly of omojhyoid m
clavicle
```
contents:
subclavian artery
thyrocervical trunk
suprascapular artery
transverse cervical artery
```
60
borders and contents of: submandibular triangle
borders:
mandible
posterior belly of digastric m.
anterior belly of digastric m.
contents:
lymph nodes
(possibly external and internal carotid artery)
61
borders and contents of: submental triangle
borders:
anterior belly of digastric muscle
hyoid bone
midline neck
contents:
lymph nodes
62
borders and contents of: carotid triangle
borders:
SCM
superior belly of omohyoid m.
posterior belly of digastric m.
contents:
common carotid artery
63
borders and contents of: muscular triangle
borders:
midline neck
SCM
superior belly of omohyoid m.
contents:
infrahyoid muscles of anterior neck
64
what ensues branchial motor axon function, and what’s their relation to cranial nerve
if the muscles they innervate derive from pharyngeal arches
relation to cranial nerves: *some* of the muscles that branchial motor axons innervate are by cranial nerves
65
pharyngeal arch #1
- name
- muscles
- nerve
name: mandibular
muscles:
mastication
anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
nerve: trigeminal n (V3)
66
pharyngeal arch #2
- name
- muscles
- nerve
name: hyoid
muscles:
posterior belly of digastric
facial expression
stylohyoid
nerve: facial nerve (CNVII)
67
pharyngeal arch #3
- name
- muscles
- nerve
name: third
muscle: stylopharyngeus
nerve: glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)
68
pharyngeal arch #4
- name
- muscles
- nerve
name: fourth
muscles:
cricothyroid
inferior pharyngeal constrictor
nerve:
vagus nerve (CN X)
superior laryngeal n.
69
pharyngeal arch #6
- name
- muscles
- nerve
name: sixth
muscle: intrinsic laryngeal
nerve:
vagus nerve (CN X)
recurrent laryngeal n.
70
unique features of cervical vertebrae
bifid spinous processes
transverse foramina - holes of transverse process that allow vertebral artery to pass through
71
unique features of Atlas (C1)
anterior arch
>anterior tubercle
posterior arch
>posterior tubercle
>groove for verterbral a. of posterior arch - fxN; houses vertebral a. and v. and suboccipital n.
lateral masses
>superior facet - fxn: articulates with occipital condyles
>inferior facet - fxn: articulates with axis
72
unique features of Axis (C2)
body
> superior articular facet - fxn: articulates with atlas
dens
vertebral arch
> pedicle
>> vertebral notch - fxn: trasmits C3 spinal n.
spinous process
73
4 suboccipital muscles of neck
1. superior oblique
2. inferior oblique
3. rectus capitis posterior minor
4. rectus capitis posterior major
74
name the 4 sinus cavities of skull
frontal sinus
ethmoid sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus
75
bones that form roof of orbit
frontal bone
| lesser wing of sphenoid
76
bones that form medial wall of orbit
lacrimal bone
| ethmoid bone
77
bones that form floor of orbit
maxilla
| zygomatic bone
78
bones that form lateral wall of orbit
zygomatic bone
| greater wing of sphenoid
79
muscle that compresses cheek when blowing
buccinator muscle
80
name muscle for frown, sadness
depressor anguli oris
81
name muscle for pouting and sadness
depressor labii inferioris
82
name muscle for surprise or curiosity (elevation of eyebrows/nose)
frontalis
83
muscle showing sadness
levator labii superioris
84
muscle for flaring nostrils when angry or exerted
nasalis
85
muscle for closing mouth or kissing
orbicularis oris
86
muscle for conveying tension or stress
platysma
87
muscle for smiling/happiness
zygomaticus major
