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Clinical Anatomy I > Exam 2: Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 2: Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries of thoracic cavity

A 
anterior = sternum
posterior = spine
inferior = diaphragm
superior = superior thoracic aperture
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2
Q

compartments of thoracic cavity

A

right pleural cavity - right lung
left pleural cavity - left lung
inferior mediastinum - heart
superior mediastinum

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3
Q

components of thoracic WALL

A
  1. skin
  2. subcutaneous tissue
  3. ribs
  4. intercostal muscles
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4
Q

functions of thoracic WALL

A
  1. protection
  2. muscle attachments
  3. respiration
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5
Q

three types of ribs and their unique feature

A
  1. true ribs: ribs 1-7, direct cartilage attachment to sternum
  2. false ribs: ribs 8-10, indirect cartilage attachment to sternum via coalescent cartilage
  3. floating ribs: ribs 11 and 12, no attachment to sternum
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6
Q

general structure of rib

A

head of rib - articulates with body of vertebra
NECK of rib
costal tubercle - articulates with transverse process of vertebra
costal angle - sharp change in rib direction
shaft of rib

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7
Q

three rib joints and their synovial classification

A
  1. costotransverse: costal tubercle of rib and transverse process of vertebra
  2. sternocostal: costal cartilage and sternum
  3. costovertebral: head of rib and body of vertebra

SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION FOR ALL 3: PLANE/GLIDE

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8
Q

first rib unique landmarks

A
  1. scalene tubercle - boundary between two grooves of first rib
  2. groove for subclavian artery (posterior to scalene tubercle)
  3. groove for subclavian vein (anterior to scalene tubercle)
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9
Q

sternal angle

A

fusion between manubrium and body of sternum, also at same lcoation where second rib attaches

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10
Q

medial/lateral dimension of diaphgram

A

inspiration: ribs elevate, mid-shaft moves lateral
expiration: ribs depress, mid-shaft moves medial

rib movement is comparable to bucket handle movement

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11
Q

anterior/posterior dimension of diaphragm movement

A

inspiration: ribs elevate, sternum moves up and forward
expiration: ribs depress, sternum moves down and back

rib and sternum movement comparable to pump handle movement

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12
Q

vertical dimension of diaphragm

A

contraction/inhalation = diaphragm flattens - inferior displacement (makes sense because thoracic cavity is getting bigger with more air and pushing diaphragm down)

relaxation/exhalation = diaphragm is dome shaped (thoracic cavity gets small and diaphragm comes back up in dome size)

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13
Q

name of nerves for T1-T6

A

intercostal nerves or upper intercostal nerves

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14
Q

name of nerves for T7-T11

A

thoracoabdominal nerves, lower intercostal nerves

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15
Q

name of nerve for T12

A

subcostal nerve

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16
Q

T4 landmark of innervation

A

includes nipples

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17
Q

T6 landmark of innervation

A

xiphoid process of sternum

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18
Q

T10 landmark of innervation

A

includes umbilicus

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19
Q

what are the four parietal nodes?

A

parasternal, intercostal, posterior mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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20
Q

what are four visceral nodes?

A

pulmonary, bronchopulmonary, tracheobronchial, paratracheal

people bring the party ;) !!

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21
Q

branching of bronchial tree

A

primary/main bronchii = right and left lung
secondary/lobar bronchii = towards lobes of each lung
tertiary/segmental bronchii = towards bronchopulmonary segments

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22
Q

medial surfaces of right lung

A

esophagus
heart impression
veins: superior vena cava, azygos vein

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23
Q

medial surfaces of left lung

A

esophagus
heart impression
arteries = thoracic aorta, aortic arch

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24
Q

lung root is comprised of

A

pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, primary bronchii

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25
Q

structure of right lung root

A

[RA]

Right lung: pulmonary artery is ANTERIOR to primary bronchus

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26
Q

structure of left lung root

A

[LS]

Left lung: pulmonary artery is SUPERIOR to primary bronchus

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27
Q

pleural coverings of lung

A 
parietal = covers wall of lung, goes down to cover superior border of diaphragm
visceral = covers lung
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28
Q

4 regions of parietal pleura

A

cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal

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29
Q

recesses of lungs

A

costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal

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30
Q

layers of pericardium, from superficial to deep

A 
FPV ME
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium*
**visceral pericardium (aka epicardium)*
**myocardium
**endocardium
  • makes up serous membranes
  • *on/within the heart directly
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31
Q

surface features of heart

A 
apex of heart (bottom tip)
right atrium and auricle
right ventricle
left atrium and auricle
left ventricle
sulci:
coronary sulcus (coronary sinus vein lies here)
anterior interventricular sulcus
featured vessels:
SVC
ascending and arch of aorta
pulmonary trunk and arteries
pulmonary veins
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32
Q

internal features of right atrium

A 
crista terminalis (ridge between pectinate m. and interatrial septum
pectinate muscles (interior walls)
interatrial septum
fossa ovalis!!!!! remnant shallow depression from foramen ovale

orifices:
valve orifice of coronary sinus
valve orifice of inferior vena cava
R AV orifice with AV valve - opening for right ventricle

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33
Q

internal features of right ventricle

A 
trabeculae carneae
R AV/tricuspid valve
chordinea tendinae
anterior papillary muscles
posterior papillary muscles
septal papillary muscles
interventricular septum
**septomarginal trabecula/moderator band
**conus arteriosus
**supraventricular crest
**valve of pulmonary trunk
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34
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecula

A

aka moderator band

sx: band of cardiac muscle with a transversal orientation, connects septum to right marginal wall of heart
fxn: helps with R side conduction system by allowing rapid diffusion of electrical impulse from interventricular septum to right marginal wall = proper timing of RV contraction

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35
Q

internal features of left atrium

A

crista terminalis
pectinate muscles
valve of foramen ovale
interatrial septum

36
Q

internal features of left ventricle

A 
trabeculae carneae of interventricular septum
chordinae tendinae
anterior papillary muscles
posterior papillary muscles
bicuspid/mitral/L AV valve
37
Q

explain arrangement between chordae tendineae and heart valves

A

@ atrial contraction:
blood is flowing from atrium to ventricle (follows high to low pressure), valves are open

@ ventricular contraction:
ventricles = high pressure, atrium = low pressure. blood wants to flow from high to low, aka backwards flow from ventricle to atrium. But is prohibited by closure of valves via chordinae tendineae. papillary muscles stabilize chordinae tendineae.

set-up is analogous to someone skydiving with parachute
valves = parachute
chordinae tendinae = strings of parachute
papillary muscles = human

38
Q

cardiac auscultation site for semilunar valves

A

intercostal space of 2nd rib

39
Q

cardiac auscultation site for AV valves

A

5th rib intercostal space

40
Q

pulmonary circulation review

A

from right ventricle, deoxygenated blood flows out via pulmonary semilunar valve —> pulmonary trunk —> R/L pulmonary arteries —> R/L lungs —> exchange CO2 with O2 —> oxygenated blood flows back to heart via pulmonary veins —> left atrium

41
Q

arterial anastomoses of heart

are these anastomoses actually useful?

A

right coronary artery —<>— circumflex artery (LCA)

anterior interventricular artery (LCA) —<>— posterior interventricualr artery (RCA)

useful? NO - heart is too metabolically active that anastomoses wouldn’t be able to supply enough blood that the heart needs to survive

42
Q

location of SA node, AV node, atrioventricular bundle

A

SA node: superior aspect of right atrium
AV node: inferior aspect of right atrium
atrioventricular bundle: interventricular septum

43
Q

anatomy of cardiac referred pain

A

myocardium has pain receptors - these visceral afferent axons share their cell bodies in the same dorsal root ganglion with the general somatic axons.

because cell bodies of somatic and visceral axons are shared, it results into the body feeling pain of the skin when the heart feels pain.

what areas of skin specifically? L side of shoulder, pec, and medial UE

44
Q

FOSSA OVALIS:
where is it found
what is it a remnant of
what was its location of shunted blood

A

found in: right atrium
remnant of: foramen ovale
shunted blood: between R and L atrium

45
Q

LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
where is it found
what is it a remnant of
structures of shunted blood

A

found: ligament between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk, at superficial layer, anterior to L recurrent laryngeal nerve
remnant of: ductus arteriosus
structures: pulmonary trunk to aortic arch — this was because during fetal stage, lungs are basically non-functioning so pulmonary circulation was skipped. blood from R ventricle went into pulmonary trunk and straight into aortic arch.

46
Q

pulmonary circulation at fetal stage

A

lungs non-functioning!!! so pulmonary circulation was essentially non-existent - pulmonary arteries and veins had very little blood flow. blood from R ventricle went into pulmonary trunk and straight into aortic arch instead of going to lungs.

47
Q

deep cervical fascia layers

A

investing fascia (superficial) “deep fascia of extremities”
pretracheal
prevertebral
carotid sheath

48
Q

contents of deep cervical fascia: investing layer

A

completely encircles: neck, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

49
Q

contents of deep cervical fascia: pretracheal fascia

A

trachea, esophagus, thyroid cartilage

columnar structure as it goes down trachea and esophagus

50
Q

contents of deep cervical fascia: prevertebral fascia

A

vertebral disc

spinal cord

51
Q

relative location and contents of deep cervical fascia: carotid sheath

A

contents:
internal jugular vein (lateral)
common carotid artery (medial)
vagus nerve (posterior and between IJV and CCA)

location: medial to SCM

52
Q

suprahyoid muscles of anterior neck (4 total)

A

geniohyoid
anterior digastric AND posterior digastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid

53
Q

infrahyoid muscles of anterior neck

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
superior omohyoid AND inferior omohyoid

54
Q

posterior triangles of neck

A

occipital triangle

supraclavicular triangle

55
Q

anterior triangles of the neck

A

submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular

56
Q

borders of anterior triangle

A

mandible, midline of neck, SCM

57
Q

borders of posterior triangle

A

anterior border of trapezius, SCM, clavicle

58
Q

borders and contents of: occipital triangle

A

borders:
trapezius
SCM
inferior belly of omohyoid m.

content:
trunks of branchial plexus
accessory nerve (CN XI)

59
Q

borders and contents of: supraclavicular triangle

A

borders:
SCM
inferior belly of omojhyoid m
clavicle

contents: 
subclavian artery
thyrocervical trunk
suprascapular artery
transverse cervical artery
60
Q

borders and contents of: submandibular triangle

A

borders:
mandible
posterior belly of digastric m.
anterior belly of digastric m.

contents:
lymph nodes
(possibly external and internal carotid artery)

61
Q

borders and contents of: submental triangle

A

borders:
anterior belly of digastric muscle
hyoid bone
midline neck

contents:
lymph nodes

62
Q

borders and contents of: carotid triangle

A

borders:
SCM
superior belly of omohyoid m.
posterior belly of digastric m.

contents:
common carotid artery

63
Q

borders and contents of: muscular triangle

A

borders:
midline neck
SCM
superior belly of omohyoid m.

contents:
infrahyoid muscles of anterior neck

64
Q

what ensues branchial motor axon function, and what’s their relation to cranial nerve

A

if the muscles they innervate derive from pharyngeal arches

relation to cranial nerves: some of the muscles that branchial motor axons innervate are by cranial nerves

65
Q

pharyngeal arch #1

  • name
  • muscles
  • nerve
A

name: mandibular

muscles:
mastication
anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid

nerve: trigeminal n (V3)

66
Q

pharyngeal arch #2

  • name
  • muscles
  • nerve
A

name: hyoid

muscles:
posterior belly of digastric
facial expression
stylohyoid

nerve: facial nerve (CNVII)

67
Q

pharyngeal arch #3

  • name
  • muscles
  • nerve
A

name: third
muscle: stylopharyngeus
nerve: glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

68
Q

pharyngeal arch #4

  • name
  • muscles
  • nerve
A

name: fourth

muscles:
cricothyroid
inferior pharyngeal constrictor

nerve:
vagus nerve (CN X)
superior laryngeal n.

69
Q

pharyngeal arch #6

  • name
  • muscles
  • nerve
A

name: sixth
muscle: intrinsic laryngeal

nerve:
vagus nerve (CN X)
recurrent laryngeal n.

70
Q

unique features of cervical vertebrae

A

bifid spinous processes

transverse foramina - holes of transverse process that allow vertebral artery to pass through

71
Q

unique features of Atlas (C1)

A

anterior arch
>anterior tubercle

posterior arch
>posterior tubercle
>groove for verterbral a. of posterior arch - fxN; houses vertebral a. and v. and suboccipital n.

lateral masses
>superior facet - fxn: articulates with occipital condyles
>inferior facet - fxn: articulates with axis

72
Q

unique features of Axis (C2)

A

body
> superior articular facet - fxn: articulates with atlas

dens

vertebral arch
> pedicle
» vertebral notch - fxn: trasmits C3 spinal n.

spinous process

73
Q

4 suboccipital muscles of neck

A
  1. superior oblique
  2. inferior oblique
  3. rectus capitis posterior minor
  4. rectus capitis posterior major
74
Q

name the 4 sinus cavities of skull

A

frontal sinus
ethmoid sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus

75
Q

bones that form roof of orbit

A

frontal bone

lesser wing of sphenoid

76
Q

bones that form medial wall of orbit

A

lacrimal bone

ethmoid bone

77
Q

bones that form floor of orbit

A

maxilla

zygomatic bone

78
Q

bones that form lateral wall of orbit

A

zygomatic bone

greater wing of sphenoid

79
Q

muscle that compresses cheek when blowing

A

buccinator muscle

80
Q

name muscle for frown, sadness

A

depressor anguli oris

81
Q

name muscle for pouting and sadness

A

depressor labii inferioris

82
Q

name muscle for surprise or curiosity (elevation of eyebrows/nose)

A

frontalis

83
Q

muscle showing sadness

A

levator labii superioris

84
Q

muscle for flaring nostrils when angry or exerted

A

nasalis

85
Q

muscle for closing mouth or kissing

A

orbicularis oris

86
Q

muscle for conveying tension or stress

A

platysma

87
Q

muscle for smiling/happiness

A

zygomaticus major

Clinical Anatomy I (9 decks)

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