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NUTRITION > Exam 2 - Lecs 4-6 [Chantel] > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecs 4-6 [Chantel] Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is Hunger-Obesity Paradox?

Reasons for it?

A

food insecurity increases risk of obesity

Reasons:
>Overeating when food is available
>Ppl may become more efficient at storing fat (survival)!
>Erratic eating

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2
Q

What helps with weight control?

A

Meal planning

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3
Q

What makes us choose food? How does this relate to income?

A

Taste, cost, convenience

>When ppl increase income, they typically don’t change food choices – only buy more expensive brands

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4
Q

What is Energy Density?

A

calories for a weight/volume of food weight/ volume of food.

> Higher energy density– a lot of cals for a low weight/volume
[ex. white pasta, bread, rice]
Lower energy density— few calsfor a low weight/volume
[ex. fruit, veggies, whole grains]

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5
Q

What are 3 disease risks associated w/ excess body fat?

A

> Type 2 diabetes
Heart disease
Hypertension

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6
Q

What is BMI? Does it apply to the individual?

A

does not measure body fat

> Applies to large groups of people, not the individual

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7
Q

What are 2 impt methods for assessing body composition?

A

> underwater weighing (gold standard!)

>skin-fold thickness

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8
Q

What is Visceral Fat?

A 
INTERIOR FAT
>Central Obesity!! 
>Fat surrounding the organ (btwn muscle and organ)
>Poses health risks
>Tight stomach, protruding belly
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9
Q

What is Subcutaneous Fat?

A

> Fat btwn mscl and skin
No health risks
»butt and thigh fat

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10
Q

What is the realtionship btwn waist circumference and disease Risk?

A

as waist size increases, disease risk increases

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11
Q

What is the set point theory?

A

The weight at which the body resists weight change
>can increase w/ long term overeating
>can decrease w/ long term physical activity

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12
Q

What is satiety?

A

the feeling of fullness and satisfaction
>Hunger– physiological response (real)
>Appetite– psychological response (perceived)

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13
Q

What is leptin’s (hormone) role in regulating body fat (long-term)?

A

> Weight LOSS leads to LESS leptin → stimulates hunger = increased energy intake, and decreases energy expenditure

> Weight GAIN leads to MORE leptin → suppresses appetite = decreased energy intake, and increases energy expenditure

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14
Q

What is Ghrelin’s (hormone) role in regulating energy balance (short-term)?

A

hormone in stomach that stimulates desire to eat

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15
Q

What is CCK’s (hormone) role in regulating energy balance (short-term)?

A

hormone in small intestine

>Goes from blood → brain to suppress appetite

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16
Q

[NOT TESTED] What factors contribute to obesity?

A

> Thrifty Metabolism— efficient at storing fat/energy
Adaptive thermogenesis– decreased energy expenditure
Low brown adipose tissue– fat tissue w/ high mitochondria content

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17
Q

What is obesity? What 3 qualities does one need for treatment?

A

> chronic disease– leads to other illnesses
**better success w/ cancer treatment

> For treatment: one should be OVERWEIGHT, have RISK FACTORS for chronic diseases, be MOTIVATED

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18
Q

What is the best diet composition for weight management?

A

> Nutrient composition short-term doesn’t matter
>Eat less!
>Compliance– have to stick w/ the plan! [taste, cost, convenience impt!]

Olive oil– health benefits and satiety

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19
Q

Why do you lose weight on low-carb diets? What is major issue w/ this diet?

A

> Lose weight bc you eat less, since carbs are in so many foods
Not healthy long-term if skimping on plant foods

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20
Q

What are 4 Components of a Healthy Weight Loss Program?

A

> CTRL OF ENERGY (calories!)
SLOW WEIGHT LOSS: 1-2lbs/wk
Increase in energy expenditure (EXERCISE)– to maintain w8 loss
CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR

**(flynn) Food improves health

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21
Q

What are some components of a Fad Diet? Why do they work?

A 
>Promise of fast weight loss
>Selling a product
>Eating behaviors not changed
--
>Limit nutrients/food groups or rituals
>Testimonials from “famous” ppl
>Critical of science community

> > Work bc ppl eat less

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22
Q

What is the major danger associated w/ EDS?

A

EDS have highest mortality rate of any mental illness

> Mortality rate associated w/ anorexia— 12x higher than death rate of ALL causes of deaths for females 15-24rys old

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23
Q

What are some complications associated w/ Anorexia?

A

> Bradycardia—heart rate slows, systems shut off
Hypothermia—body doesn’t heat itself to conserve energy
Ostopenia/Osteoporosis—lack of Ca2++ in diet

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24
Q

How did we get info about anorexia?

A

> self starvation studies with healthy young men

>Showed: the body starts to misfire, brain starts thinking it’s healthy and normal

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25
What are some complications associated w/ Bulimia Nervosa?
Mouth sores and dental erosion | -- dentist often 1st to diagnose
26
What are some complications associated w/ Binge Eating?
``` >obesity >diabetes >weight related hypertension -- >Abnormal lipid profile ```
27
What is the cycle of an ED?
Obsessive Thinking and Compulsive Food Rituals →Reduced stomach size and early satiety → Mscl loss leads to stomach protrusion → Bloating and fluid retention secondary to maturation → fears of fatness reinforced → body image distortion worsens → increased fixation on refusing food and weight loss
28
**How are ED treated?**
Multi-disciplinary treatment (medical, psychiatric, nutrition, psychotherapeutic) >Medical---stability of serum electrolytes, heart fxn, bone health >Psychiatric---treatment of co-existing mood disorders >Nutritional---weight restoration, normalization of eating habits, improve body image >Psycho therapeutic---family therapy, CBT/DBT, acceptance commitment therapy
29
What are 5 Levels of Care for an ED?
>Inpatient Hospitalization (24hr care)---patient is medically unstable, has poor motivation for recovery >Residential Treatment >Day Treatment >Intensive Outpatient >Outpatient---insurance and patient dependent
30
What is cost of treatment for an ED?
EXPENSIVE! CAN BE OVER 100k, undercovered by insurance
31
What are some Nutritional Management Treatment Goals associated w/ EDs?
``` >Weight restoration >Normalization of eating behavior >Improving body image/body acceptance -- >Elimination or redxn of symptom use >Promoting healthy physical activity when appropriate >Independent meal planning >Shopping >Food prep ```
32
**What is Re-Feeding Syndrome?**
A METABOLIC COMPLICATION that occurs when nutritional support is given to severely malnourished patients. Metabolism shifts from catabolic to anabolic state. **The quick shift from catabolic to anabolic can cause cardiac arrhythmias and possible death Insulin released on carb intake causes cellular uptake of K, Mg, Phosphorous (P). **Possible heart failure due to electrolyte and fluid shifts that strain the heart
33
How can we prevention Re-Feeding Snydrome?
>Replenish Electrolytes first >Start low, and advance slow! >>>Be careful with carbs
34
Are vitamins essential or non-essential?
ESSENTIAL | >Body cannot synthesize
35
What do vitamins do?
Promote growth and health maintenance
36
What are water soluble vitamins? Bioavailability?
B vitamins and Vit C >Easy to absorb (Don't req fat) but may require transport molecules or specific molecules in GI tract >Can excrete, so dont worry about high abspt
37
What are fat soluble vitamins? Bioavailability?
A, D, E, and K | >Require fat for abspt
38
What are risks associated w/ Fortified Foods?
>Unregulated industry | >Vitamins can build up to toxic lvls
39
What are risks associated w/ Dietary Supplements
>Widely abused and promoted >Fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate in fat tissues to toxic lvls >U.S. food supply contains all necessary vitamins >>>Can't replace phytonutrients or benefit of varied diet
40
What is Bioavailability of Vitamins?
>Vits must be absorbed by body in order to preform their fxns >Mostly absorbed in small intestine >Some absorbed in inactive provitamin forms that must be converted into active forms by the body
41
What is the primary fxn of B vitamins?
>Co-enzyme---Combines w/ an enzyme to push fwd chem rxns, esp energy metabolism >Don’t supply energy, only help release energy through co-enzyme process
42
Most nutrient dense to least? Food sources of b-vitamins?
frozen produce > fresh/local > canned >Many B-vitamins are in fruits and veggies
43
What are major fxns of Thiamin (Vit B1)? Dietary sources?
>Assist in carb metabolism (need for pyruvate → acetyl CoA) >Health of nervous system >Animal foods (pork and dairy)
44
What are 2 deficiencies of thiamin?
Deficiency can cause: >Nervous system abnormalities, e.g. tingling, loss of feeling - Beriberi disease - Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholics) >Problems w/ energy metabolism
45
What are major fxns of Riboflavin?
>Coenzyme - "FAD," part of citric acid cycle--breakdown of fatty acids - "FMN" (and FAD) = electron carrier in ETC
46
(NOT TESTED) How can riboflavin be destroyed?
Heat or exposure to light. Milk-clear glass bottle is BAD
47
What are dietary sources of Riboflavin?
Animal foods (Pork, beef, milk)
48
What is deficiency of Riboflavin?
Ariboflavinosis---Inflammation of lips, mouth, tongue | -Rare in US
49
What are major fxns of Niacin?
Coenzyme-- NAD/NADP | >Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron acceptance
50
What are dietary sources of Niacin?
Animal foods (chicken)
51
Can Niacin be synthesized by the body?
Can be synthesized from essential AA tryptophan | if diet is adequate in tryptophan
52
**What is deficiency of Niacin?**
Pellagra | *4 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia and eventually death
53
What is toxicity of Niacin?
Niacin supplements can lower blood triglycerides, but may result in: - Elevated BP - Cardiac arrhythmia - Elevated blood sugar - Impaired liver fxn
54
What are major fxns of Biotin?
co-enzyme in energy metabolism
55
What can destroy biotin?
Avidin in raw eggs
56
What are dietary sources of Biotin? Deficiency?
``` Animals foods (liver, egg yolks, yogurt) and NUTS -Deficiency is uncommon ```
57
What is Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Group of compounds, all form pyridoxal phosphate (coenzyme)
58
**What are major fxns of Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)? Dietary sources?**
>Protein metabolism >AA metabolism (deamination) >Neurotransmitter synthesis >Animal foods, Nuts and seeds
59
What is deficiency of Vit B6?
Deficiency may result in ANEMIA due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues
60
What is toxicity of Vit B6?
Only supplements can cause toxicity | -Can cause irreversible nerve damage
61
What are major fxns of Folate? Dietary sources?
Coenzyme needed for DNA SYNTHESIS and metabolism of some AAs | >PLANT FOODS lentils, seeds & nuts, fortified or enriched grain products
62
What is role of folate deficiency during pregnancy?
Neural tube defects are associated w/ folate deficiency during pregnancy -Fortification of food
63
What is overall risk of low folate intake? Deficiency?
increased risk of heart disease due to increase in homocysteine (AA metabolism) >Deficiency can lead to macrocytic anemia - Cells unable to divide properly (magloblast) → macrocyte - Early warning sign for B12 deficiency
64
**What can excess folate consumption cause?**
>Excess folate intake (supplement) can mask a B12 deficiency >If B12 is low, folate can’t be activated → RBC division is impaired → macrocytic anemia >You can take supplements of (activated) folate to correct macrocytic anemia ⇒ BUT you will still be B12-deficient
65
What is Homocystine? How to lower lvls?
Unstable intermediate w/ oxidative potential in AA metabolism of Methionine >High lvs in blood increase risk of CVD >Can lower lvls w/ Folate or Vit B12 (convert to methionine) and Vit B6 (covert to cysteine)
66
What are major fxns of Vit B12? Dietary sources?
Required for metabolism (activation) of folate and fatty acids and to maintain insulting layer of myelin surrounding nerves >Animal foods
67
What is deficiency of Vit B12?
Pernicious anemia—immature red blood cells >B12 is recycled w/ bile so it can take years for deficiency to develop >Deficiency typically caused by poor absorption rather than low intake alone >B12 deficiency causes activated folate deficiency
68
How is B12 absorbed? How is abspt related to deficiency?
>Stomach acid helps release “intrinsic factor,” transport protein needed for abspt of B12 across membrane of small intestine >Deficiency is typically caused by poor absorption rather than by low intake alone
69
What are major fxns of Vit C?
>Antioxidant---Neutralizes free radicals >Helps maintain immune system >Prodxn of collagen
70
What is deficiency of Vit C?
Scurvy---bleeding gums, fatigue
71
What is Vit C's role in common cold?
No correlation to cold | >Placebo effect
72
What are dietary sources of Vit C?
FRUITS | Oranges, strawberries, tomato
73
(NOT TESTED) How can Vit C be destroyed?
O2, light, heat, contact with copper/iron cookware

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