Exam 2 (Lecture 7) - Abdomen 2

Question 1

What are the parts of the equine cecum?

Answer 1

1) Base (has the retroperitoneal attachment; as does part of the body); is projecting to the right body wall starting in a very dorsal location.
- ileum opens into the base of the cecum (via the ileal opening; “one-way” valve)
- right ventral colon also opens into the base of the cecum (via the cecocolic opening); NOT a one-way valve

2) Body

3) Apex

Question 2

What are the bands in the equine intestinal tract associated with?

Answer 2

ONLY the cecum and colon

Question 3

What are the bands of the descending colon?

Answer 3

Mesocolic band and anti-mesenteric (free) bands

Question 4

What are the bands of the right dorsal colon?

Answer 4

Mesocolic band and 2 free bands (medial and lateral)

Question 5

What are the bands of the left dorsal colon?

Answer 5

Mesocolic band

Question 6

What are the bands of the right and left ventral colon?

Answer 6

2 mesocolic bands (lateral and medial) and 2 free bands (lateral and medial)

Question 7

Which structures can you see on the right side of the horse?

Answer 7

1) Base of cecum
2) Body of cecum
3) Right ventral colon
4) Right dorsal colon (completely under the rib cage)
5) Liver
6) Descending duodenum

Question 7

Discuss the arrangement of the bands of the cecum.

Answer 7

4 bands:
- dorsal, ventral, lateral and medial

Lateral and medial bands are the vascular bands (contain blood vessels that supply the cecum)

Ileocecal ligament is between the dorsal band and the ileum

Cecocolic ligament is between the lateral band of the cecum and right lateral band of the colon.

Question 8

Which structures can you see on the left side of the horse?

Answer 8

1) Greater curvature of the stomach
2) Small part of the liver
3) Left ventral colon
4) Pelvic flexure
5) Left dorsal colon
6) Jejunum
7) Descending colon
8) Spleen

Question 9

What are the palpable structures on an equine rectal exam?

Answer 9

1) Urinary bladder (in the male, you would also be able to palpate prostate gland)
2) Vaginal (inguinal) rings (to make sure there’s no jejunum poking through)
3) Pelvic flexure
4) Spleen
5) Left kidney
6) Mesenteric root
7) Cecum
8) Descending colon
9) Jejunum (it’s there, but hard to tell what you’re feeling; if you can tell it’s jejunum, there’s a problem with it)

Question 10

What are the parts of the swine stomach?

Answer 10

From dorsal to ventral:

1) Gastric diverticulum
2) Non-glandular part (along the lesser curvature wall)
3) Fundus
4) Body (fundus and body are glandular part)
5) Pylorus
6) Pyloric torus

Question 11

Describe the intestinal tract of the swine.

Answer 11

They ONLY have a spiral loop in the ascending colon (ruminants have proximal loop, spiral loop, and distal loop)

Centripetal turns going in and centrifugal turns coming out
- in the pig, it’s VERY easy to tell whether turns are centripetal or centrifugal
- centripetal turns are larger diameter, they are the outside of the spiral cone, they are sacculated and
have bands

Question 12

How many bands does the cecum have in the pig?

Answer 12

3 bands:
- medial
- lateral
- ventral (associated with the ileocecal fold)

Question 13

What are the biggest differences in the pig with regard to the structures that are visible on the left side?

Answer 13

The cecum and ascending colon project to the LEFT side.

Question 14

Which structures can you see on the right side of the pig?

Answer 14

1) Liver
2) Jejunum

Question 15

What is the main difference in the ruminant liver lobes compared to the other species?

Answer 15

Ruminant has undivided right and left lobes.
- everyone else has divided right and left liver lobes

Question 16

Which species have both the caudate process of the caudate liver lobe AND the papillary process of the caudate liver lobe?

Answer 16

1) Carnivore

2) Ruminant

Question 17

Which species have only the caudate process of the caudate liver lobe?

Answer 17

1) Horse

2) Pig

Question 18

What is unique about the quadrate liver lobe in the pig?

Answer 18

You HAVE to be looking at the visceral surface of the liver to see the quadrate lobe in the pig; it’s not visible from the diaphragmatic surface.

Question 19

What is unique about the liver in the horse? Why is this the case?

Answer 19

The horse does not have a gall bladder; this is because horses are eating constantly, so they are continuously secreting bile.

Also, the quadrate lobe is serrated in the horse.

Question 20

Where do we find the lesser omentum on the liver?

Answer 20

Visceral surface

Question 21

Where do we find the ventral mesentery on the liver?

Answer 21

Diaphragmatic surface
- ventral mesentery is going between the liver and the diaphragm (round and falciform ligaments)

Question 22

What is the functional blood supply of the liver?

Answer 22

Hepatic portal vein

Question 23

What is the nutritional blood supply of the liver?

Answer 23

The hepatic arteries ONLY
- hepatic veins are draining into the caudal vena cava (THERE ARE NO HEPATIC VEINS IN THE PORTA OF THE LIVER!!!)

Question 24

Where is the ruminant liver located? Why?

Answer 24

The ruminant liver is shifted to the right due to the large rumen/reticular complex on the left side of the abdominal cavity.
- So, the right lobe of the ruminant liver is located dorsal to the left lobe.