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Exam 2 Lecture Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for normal metabolism and present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs. They can be fat or water soluble

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2
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K
A,D,E- some body storage
A,D can be toxic

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3
Q

Functions of Vitamin A aka Retinoids (required by all animals)

A

Carotenoids (Beta-Carotene) can be precursors to Vitamin A –> Retinol
Functions: Night vision, bone formation and remodeling, reproduction, antioxidant activity with carotenoids

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4
Q

Functions of Vitamin D aka Cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D2 (plant) and D3 (animal)
Dietary sources are fish and dairy products. They are sterol precursors in plants and skin require UV light to produce Vitamin D.
Functions: Normal bone mineralization (Ca and P), immune system and T-cells, conversion and storage in liver

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5
Q

Functions of Vitamin E aka Tocopherol

A

Very unstable compound found in most animal tissue but limited biological activity
Dietary sources are multigrain cereals, nuts, oils, and leafy greens
Interactions with minerals and PUFAs
Functions: antioxidant- free radical scavenger, nucleic acid and protein metabolism, cell membrane structure.

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6
Q

Functions of Vitamin K

A

Essentials for blood-clotting functions

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7
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A

B and C, biotin, choline, and folacin
They are relatively non-toxic
No body storage (except for B12) –> deficiencies
Adult ruminants generally do not require dietary source

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8
Q

Functions of Thiamin (B1)
Thiamin is present in most foodstuffs- cereal grains, soybean meal, green, leafy hay, and animal products (pork)

A

Important coenzyme in the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) for cellular respiration –> energy
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

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9
Q

Functions of Riboflavin (B2)
Good sources are animal products, green forages, and vegetables. Sensitive to light.

A

Makes up a group on flavoproteins and functions in oxidoreduction reactions, transformed into coenzymes, FMN and FAD inside the cells and are important in metabolism as Electron Carriers.
Helps the body release energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism

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10
Q

Functions of Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Nicotinic Acid can be synthesized from tryptophan in most species (conditionally essential)
Good sources are meats, yeast, leafy plants

A

Coenzyme for oxidoreductase reactions, active Niacin is NAD+ or NADP+ and are electron carriers. Important in DNA damage repair.
Involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

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11
Q

Functions of Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
Coenzyme A (CoA) is the active form. Most foodstuff has pantothenic acid- grain is lower

A

Required for fatty acid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism (Acetyl CoA, Succinyl CoA, etc)
Helps release energy from fats and vegetables

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12
Q

Functions of Folate (yes it is the same as Folacin)

A

Aids in genetic material development; involved in red blood cell production

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13
Q

Functions Vitamins B6
5 forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal (phosphate), and pyridoxamine (phosphate)

A

Good sources are meats, liver, cereal grains, and vegetables. Requirements increase with protein intake, pregnancy, and lactation.
Functions: Amino Acid metabolism- transamination, deamination, and formation of hormones. Glycogen metabolism- muscle

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14
Q

Functions of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Primary source is microbial synthesis- not made by plants or animals. Dietary sources are animal products- smallest requirement of ANY vitamin. Absorbed poorly but stored well in most animals (except cats)

A

Coenzyme for a few important metabolic enzymes. Important in ruminant metabolism- need a cobalt source. Closely associated with Folacin. Helps absorption of nutrients in GI.
Aids cells development, functioning of the nervous system, and the metabolism of protein and fat

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15
Q

Functions of Biotin aka Vitamin H
Microbial synthesis in GI tract
Good dietary sources are eggs, liver, kidneys, yeast, fruits and veggies

A

Coenzyme for 4 important enzymes required for carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and AA deamination

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16
Q

Functions of Ascorbic Acid aka Vitamin C
Found in citrus fruits, potatoes and cabbage, leafy veggies, and animal products. Can make it from glucose except in some species (primates, some fish, snakes and birds, fruit bats and guinea pigs)

A

Good reducing agent- water soluble antioxidant, reduces metal ions and enhances Fe absorption
Collagen synthesis- connective tissue
Formation of epinephrine

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17
Q

Attributes of fat soluble vitamins

A

Soluble in fat, not water
Absorption occurs along with lipids, requires bile salts
Carrier proteins- present
Stored in liver
Deficiency manifests only when stores are depleted
Toxicity- hypervitaminosis may result
Major vitamins- A,D,E,K

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18
Q

Attributes of water soluble vitamins

A

Soluble in water not fat
Absorption simple (except Vitamin B12)
No carrier proteins (except Vitamin B12)
No storage (except Vitamin B12)
Deficiency manifests rapidly as there is no storage (except Vitamin B12)
Toxicity is unlikely since excess is excreted
Major vitamins- B and C

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19
Q

Why do we not really see toxicity with water soluble vitamins

A

toxicity is unlikely since excess is excreted

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20
Q

General functions of most vitamins

A

Coenzymes of metabolic process
Affect multiple body systems
Many water-soluble vitamins affect growth

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21
Q

Deficiencies and toxicity of Vitamin E aka Tocopherol

A

Deficiencies- nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease), and encephalomalacia, neurological dysfunction
Increased requirement with omega fatty acids (PUFAs)- protects them from oxidation
Selenium spares Vitamin E and prevents deficiency
Toxicity: relatively non-toxic, can antagonize Vitamin K, Selenium toxicity

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22
Q

Deficiencies and toxicity of Vitamin D (aka Cholecalciferol)

A

Deficiencies: abnormal skeletal growth/formation (rickets/children, Osteomalacia/adult). Cancer. Symptoms- Ca/P deficiencies- bowed legs, lameness, and sore joints
Toxicities: calcification of soft tissues (kidney, aorta, lungs

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23
Q

Deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin A aka Retinoids

A

Deficiencies: night blindness, anorexia, infection, and death, dry eyes, rough skin, slower bone growth, and improper tooth development
Toxicities: anorexia, dermatitis, thinning bones, hemorrhage
- Livers contain high levels of Vitamin A
- Apex predators

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24
Q

Functions of Vitamin K
K1 (phylloquinone)- plant/green vegetables
K2 (menaquinone)- microbial synthesis in GI
K3 (menadoine)- synthetic

A

Required for normal blood clotting
Bone metabolism

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25
Deficiencies and toxicities of Vitamin K
Deficiencies: caused by antagonists/inhibitors not a true deficiency Uncommon due to GI microbial synthesis Prolonged clotting time, reduces bone density, death Antibiotics- kill good microbes Warfarin (anticoagulant; rat poison) Toxicities: non-toxic, synthetic form can be toxic to skin and respiratory system
26
Deficiencies of Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Deficiencies: Cardiovascular and nervous system disorders- enlarged heart, weakness, mental confusion, memory loss, anorexia. Rapid loss in urine. Caused by low intake, damage or destruction of thiamin (sulfur, high temps, moisture)
27
Deficiencies of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Usually involve eyes, skin, or nervous system Less common due to some storage in cells No animals can make it
28
Deficiencies of Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death Poor source is grains (primarily corn and sorghum) which is also poor in tryptophan- corn-based diet deficiency Carnivores usually do NOT have Niacin deficiency, except cats that have an enzyme that breaks down NAD so they require dietary Niacin Toxicity- high levels, flushing, itching, nausea, headache
29
Deficiencies of Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Rare. Neuromuscular disorder (goose stepping in pigs), dermatitis, GI disturbances
30
Deficiencies and toxicity of Vitamin B6
Deficiencies- Rare. Similar to general malnutrition- convulsions and dermatitis. Caused by antagonists or damage during food processing. Toxicity- unlikely. Can occur given high enough doses- convulsions, paralysis, and death
31
Deficiencies of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Deficiencies are fairly common. Anemia, neurological lesions and wasting syndrome, absence of Vitamin B12 or Cobalt in diet, bacterial overgrowth or genetic abnormalities.
32
Functions of Folacin (Folic Acid) Good sources are leafy vegetables, citrus fruit, organ meats Damaged by heat and light/cooking
Required for DNA synthesis and red call production Metabolic activity with B12
33
Deficiencies of Folacin (Folic Acid)
Not very common. Decreased growth, anemia, birth defects
34
Deficiencies of Biotin aka Vitamin H
Rare due to microbial synthesis. Severe dermatitis and hair loss, cracked hooves
35
Why is Choline different from other water soluble vitamins
Choline is not a typical water soluble vitamin because it can be synthesized in the liver, is required in large amounts, and serves a structural role (not a coenzyme)
36
Functions of Choline Good dietary sources are fats, eggs, liver, fish, and oil seeds
Structural component in cell membrane and transmission of nerve impulses (acetylcholine = neurotransmitter)
37
Deficiencies of Choline
fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hemorrhagic legions
38
Deficiencies of Ascorbic Acid aka Vitamin C
species that can't make it from glucose: Scurvy in humans and other animals Hemorrhage and slow clotting (vit K), swollen and bleeding gums, tooth loosening, weight loss, emaciation, diarrhea Slow wound healing, muscle and joint pain
39
Toxicity of Ascorbic Acid aka Vitamin C
high tolerance but large doses affect trace element utilization
40
What are minerals
Inorganic elements that are classified as Macro or Micro (trace) minerals Classified based on relative amounts present in the animal and required in the diet Minerals are required as a nutrient in many species and some are essential for metabolism
41
What are macro minerals and some examples
Mineral present in HIGH amounts in the animal and required in relatively LARGE % amounts in the diet Macro Minerals: Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Sulfur (S)
42
What are micro minerals and some examples
Mineral present in LOW amounts in the animal and required in SMALL amounts in the diet (part per million/PPM or mg/kg Micro minerals: Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), and Manganese (Mn)
43
Sources of minerals
Diet Soil (10-25% of intake in some grazing animals) Water Mineral deposits "Ash" content in feed is a crude measurement of minerals and has little nutritional importance
44
What are the two groups of Macro minerals based on their functions in the body
1. Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium- structural components 2. Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine- Cell function and Acid/Base balance
45
Functions of Calcium and Phosphorus
99% in bone and teeth Ca controls excitability of muscle and nerve Ratio of Ca:P is crucial in addition to the proper total amounts- Ideal is 2:1 ratio
46
What is Ca relationship to Vitamin D
A decrease in blood Ca stimulates: -release of PTH (Parathyroid hormone) -Vitamin D activity which increases GI absorption of Ca -increases bone reabsorption -increases kidney reabsorption = Increases blood Ca levels
47
What is metabolic bone disease (MBD) and its causes
Also called Rickets (growing) or Osteomalacia (adult)- enlarged joints and/or growth plates, deformed long bones, and fractures Causes: 1. Diet deficient in Ca, or improper balance of Ca:P 2. Inadequate UVB (sunlight) 3. End stage kidney disease
48
What is Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) and its causes
Caused by increased Phosphorus (imbalance in Ca:P ratio) which depresses GI absorption of Ca in the intestines. This increases PTH which leeches the Ca from the bone and its replaced by fibrous connective tissue (Big Head Syndrome)
49
What is milk fever in cows (Acute Hypocalcemia)
Acute drop in Ca causes convulsions and muscle tetany (rigidity) Dairy cows have a huge drain of Ca reserves when lactating
50
Why do carnivores need bone/bone meal in their diet
they can't synthesize Vitamin D.
51
What is Calcium Toxicity (Hypercalcemia)
Soft tissue calcification especially in areas of damage Calculi (stones)- urinary tracts Zinc deficiency- Ca reduces absorption and utilization of other minerals
52
Functions of Magnesium (Mg)
Required for normal bone mineralization Plays a role in regulating muscle contraction
53
What is Grass Tetany (Hypomagnesemia)
Low megnesium levels causes muscle tetany (rigidity) Fast growing grass has low levels of Mg and high levels of Potassium which antagonizes Mg causing a deficiency
54
What is Magnesium toxicity
High levels of Magnesium can cause stones or crystal formation in the digestive tract or urinary tract Alfalfa and water in California are high in Magnesium Enteroliths- Stones in GI
55
What are the functions of Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine (K, Na, Cl)
These electrolytes are mandatory in proper levels for cell function and in bodily fluids to maintain proper acid/base balance Also needed for proper nerve impulse transmission (Na especially)
56
T or F: Electrolyte ratios in body fluids are constant across all species and tightly regulated
True. Note- Excess is excreted readily in the kidneys, therefore toxicity is rare. Chronic excess Na results in hypertension
57
What happens with deficiencies in electrolytes
Potassium (K)- abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), muscle cramps, and fatigue Sodium Chloride (NaCl)- decreased growth rate is the major sign. Animals have a strong desire for salt in their diet. Only seen when water is restricted.
58
Function of Sulfur (S) and where is it found
Found in organic nutrients- in some Amino Acids and B-Vitamins Important in metabolism, but not as clinically significant
59
What is the function of microminerals
Activators of enzyme systems or components of organic compounds
60
What are the two most abundant trace minerals
1. Iron (Fe) 2. Zinc (Zn)
61
Function of Copper (Cu)
Needed for iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, bone formation, and nervous system function Also needed for normal wool, hair, and skin pigment- melanin production
62
Deficiencies of Copper (Cu)
Copper gets bound easily to other minerals and compounds: Anemia, neonatal ataxia "swayback disease", and oxidative damage Discoloration and twisting/kinking of hair and wool Defective collagen and elastin formation
63
Toxicity of Copper (Cu)
Ruminants more sensitive Liver+/- renal disease
64
Functions of Zinc (Zn)
Needed for cell growth and division, wound healing, and carb breakdown. Catalytic, structural, and regulatory function. Activation of the immune system.
65
Deficiencies of Zinc (Zn)
High levels of Ca can cause Zn deficiency: Growth retardation and anorexia Drastic delay in wound healing Parakeratosis- thickening of the epidermis
66
Toxicity of Zinc (Zn)
Rare due to wide margin of safety: Small animals --> coin ingestion = anemia
67
Function of Iron (Fe)
Needed to make hemoglobin and myoglobin: molecules that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in red blood cells and muscle respectively. Stored in liver and spleen
68
Deficiency of Iron (Fe)
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Most common type of anemia- microcytic, hypochromic anemia Small red blood cells with less hemoglobin
69
Toxicity of Iron
Iron overload: "Free" iron in the body causes oxidative damage- body scavenges and stores it in tissues. Causes: hereditary, high Fe in diet, infection/inflammation increases storage. Iron is stored as Ferritin in the tissues- liver Hemosiderin is secondary storage in cells Body has no way to get rid of iron. Hemosiderosis- too much iron Hemochromatosis- cell toxicity Acute (rare)- vomiting, shock, metabolic acidosis, death. Chronic- causes diarrhea, reduced growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Free radical formation, liver toxicity --> fibrosis, cirrhosis
70
Treatment of Iron toxicity
Phlebotomy (deplete RBC's) Chelation (bind Fe for excretion)
71
Functions of Iodine (I)
Needed to make thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) in the thyroid gland Thyroid hormone affects your basal metabolic rate. Iodized salt- not very stable
72
Deficiency of Iodine
Prolonged thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causes thyroid nlargement = Goiter Some plants (cruciferous family) contain thioglysides that are "goitergenic" meaning they cause iodine deficiency. Soil can be Iodine deficient as well. Iodine toxicity can also cause goiters.
73
Functions of Manganese (Mn)
Needed for proper bone formation Can replace Magnesium in many reactions
74
Deficiency of Manganese (Mn)
Reproductive problems and decreased bone growth Perosis or "slipped tendon" in birds - enlarged "hock" joint Toxicity is rare
75
How are Selenium and Vitamin E connected?
Selenium helps prevent/reverse symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency (nutritional muscular dystrophy, encephalomalacia). Selenium plays a key role in cell membrane integrity
76
Deficiency of Selenium (Se)
Liver necrosis, cardiomyopathy --> congested heart failure, and muscular dystrophy
77
Toxicity of Selenium (Se)
Acute- "blind staggers"- abnormal staggering movement, pulmonary edema, diarrhea, and death from respiratory failure Chronic- Liver disease, kidney disease, emaciation, sore feet/ cracked hooves, and lameness
78
Who needs cobalt
Needed for Vitamin B12 in ruminants only Note- deficiency means a deficiency in Vitamin B12- Anemia is the main symptom. Toxicity causes a mild polycythemia (increased RBCs)
79
How do animals get access to toxic substances
Toxic plants in or around housing/environment Toxic substances in feed/prey Toxins in water
80
Why is exposure not equal to intoxication
Intoxication means the substance must be absorbed and delivered to the site of action at a concentration high enough to elicit a physiologic response. Proof of ingestion- most important veterinary toxicants are absorbed by oral or dermal routes. Rate of absorption is different for different routes of exposure
81
What is biomagnification (in relation to Mercury)
Biomagnification is the build up of toxins in a food chain. Higher trophic feeding levels have access to higher levels of toxicants (mercury in fish increases up the food chain. Biomagnification in top predatory fish such as tuna or swordfish)
82
Toxic minerals are
lead and mercury
83
Sources of lead intoxication and what species are most affected
Sources of lead (Pb) poisoning: Paint, fuel, batteries, gunshot, fishing weights, contaminated forage and soil Species affected: Cattle, horses, dogs, birds of prey and waterfowl. Cats, goats, sheep, and chickens are less commonly affected. Pigs are insensitive to lead intoxication
84
Symptoms of lead (Pb) poisoning
Anorexia and depression in all species Cattle- neurologic symptoms: blindness, circling, and head pressing Dogs- GI symptoms: vomiting, colic, diarrhea or constipation Horses- laryngeal paralysis causes roaring and inability to swallow water; colic Birds- general anorexia, leg and wing weakness and ataxia
85
Three types of Mercury (Hg) poisoning
1. Organic mercury- Methylmercury- Biomagnification in top predatory fish 2. Inorganic mercury- Mercury salts- Mercuric cyanide used in poisoning/murder 3. Elemental mercury- Quicksilver (liquid metallic mercury) is poorly absorbed by ingestion and skin contact- absorption via vapor inhalation
86
Species affected by Mercury (Hg) poisoning
Predator species- humans, seals, etc Developing fetuses Methylmercury interferes with metabolic activity resulting in degeneration and necrosis in many tissues, although the brain and fetus are more susceptible
87
Symptoms of mercury (Hg) intoxication
Neurologic manifestation- blindness, ataxia, incoordination, tremors, abnormal behavior, and convulsions In developing animals- cerebellar ataxia and death
88
Examples of toxic plants
Bracken fern Red maple Oleander Avocadoes Fiddleneck Deadly nightshade
89
Toxicity of bracken fern
Thiaminase in bracken fern causes thiamin deficiency and neurologic syndrome Horses and cattle are less affected due to thiamin production in rumen by microbes Pigs and sheep are reluctant to consume
90
Toxicity of red maple
Happens when most equids (most susceptible) ingest wilted or dried leaves Need to ingest about 1-2 lbs of dried leaves Toxin is unknown but suspect gallic acid which causes hemolytic anemia = destruction of red blood cells
91
Toxicity of Oleander
Contains cardiac glycoside - inhibits the sodium-potassium ATP-ase pump of cell membranes in excitable tissues All animals are susceptible
92
Toxicity of avocados
Toxic to almost all animals Leaves, bark, seeds, skin, and pits contain a natural fatty acid called persin
93
What organ is the most affected by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) toxicity, and which plants contain it
Plants: Ragwort, common groundsel, alsike clover and fiddleneck. Horses and cattle primarily affected. Organ: LIVER- causes liver disease
94
Toxicity of deadly nightshade aka belladonna
Foliage and berries are extremely toxic when ingested. Contains tropane alkaloids- such as atropine and scopolamine which have anticholinergic properties disrupting the parasympathetic nervous system
95
General treatment for toxic substances
Gastric decontamination and elimination
96
What are some factors that affect feed consumption
1. Palatability- degree of acceptance to the taste by an animal 2. Hunger- triggered by physiological need and satisfied by calories 3. Appetite- triggered by a desire to repeat a pleasant experience and satisfied by palatability 4. Taste- The ability to sense chemicals dissolved in saliva and picked up by taste buds.
97
What is the control mechanism for feed intake
The central nervous system. Short-term control is specifically in the hypothalamus
98
What are some differences in feeding behaviors between animals
Omnivores- pigs and humans: periodic short meals with inter-meal intervals. GI distension signal satiation Carnivores- high protein and fat diets. Infrequent large meals. Predators may have scarce access to a meal Herbivores- high cellulose diets, small frequent meals, energy released from food is much slower due to large amounts of ingesta in GI. FFA's signal satiation
99
How does energy density affect feed intake
In general, as energy density of feed increases then intake decreases Fat > Protein > Carbs
100
How does bulk density affect feed intake and energy? Increased density = increased energy consumed
Roughage has high volume and low density = lower energy consumed Processed feeds such as pellets, chopped, and ground feed have low volume and high density = higher energy consumed
101
What are some ways to inhibit feed intake
Increased protein or fat inhibits intake Caloric dilution by increasing low digestible feed (roughage) Make feed less palatable- adding dust, ammonium sulfate, quinine, and salt Restriction of feed
102
What factors help us predict feed intake
Body weight Individual animals
103
Different types of feedstuff: High moisture vs dry forages
High moisture- pasture and range plants, soil or green chop, cannery or food crop residue Dry forages- Hay- legume, grasses, and cereal crop. Must dry before bailing
104
Different types of feedstuff: Energy concentrates vs protein concentrates
Protein concentrates: animal meats, bone meal, marine and avian meals, oilseed meals: cottonseed, soybean, seeds and dried grains, single cell sources- yeast, algae, bacteria, nonprotein nitrogren- urea, ammonia, etc. Energy concentrates: cereal grains, molasses, beet and citrus pulp, animal and vegetable fats, brewery by products
105
What factors affect roughage composition
Sun bleaching- decreases carotenes Leaching by rain- decreases soluble carbs and nitrogen Leaf loss with harvesting Key is rapid drying before storage
106
What are some different sources of protein concentrates? Animal vs plant
Animal: meat, bone, blood meal- inedible meats from meat processing and rendering plants. Poultry- feather meal requires extensive cooking for digestibility. Milk, marine Plant: Most derived from soybean and cottonseed meal, oil removed from the seeds to produce dry meal. Highly digestible and moderate biological value but overall less than many animal protein sources
107
What are some purposes of non-nutritive additives
Antibiotics- fed at a low level to improve growth and health Hormones- growth and feed efficiency
108
What are feeding standards and are they absolute, what publishes them
Quantitative descriptions of amounts of one or more nutrients needed by animals. Not absolute. Publishes- various committees of the NRC (National Research Council/ The National Academy of Science
109
Study types for feeding standards
Calorimetric studies- quantifies heat release Factorial method- amounts excreted in feces/urine Balance studies- amount in diet vs amount in feces/urine Feeding trials- AAFCO
110
What is AAFCO? If a pet food has an AAFCO statement does that ensure adequacy and safety?
The Association of American Feed Control Officials- the "go to" organization for understanding animal feed. AAFCO does not necessarily ensure food adequacy and safety but provides guidelines, that if followed, minimize the risk of malnutrition
111
What are a few things that can alter nutrient need and utilization? Are these quantified in the feeding standards?
Weather, stress, disease, parasitism, injury, or surgery Well known adjustments for productions animals
112
What does feeding a maintenance diet mean
Neither gaining or losing body energy Good benchmark- always lower than any productive function, work, etc.
113
Factors affecting nutrient requirements
Genetics, nutritional individuality, breed and species differences, environmental factors, feed consumption
114
What are some ways we can assess the nutritional status of an animal
1. Nutritional history 2. Animal productivity 3. Physical examinations 4. Tissue analysis
115
Why is feed preparation important
important to encourage consumption without waste and allow high efficiency of feed utilization
116
What can feed processing involve
Physical, thermal, bacterial, chemical, and other alterations to the feed
117
Diff between cold and hot processing
Cold- soaked or reconstituted to raise moisture content. Stored properly, acid preservation Hot- Steam rolled/flaked grain. Pelleted- mix, heat, compress, mold
118
What do they spray on feed and why
Molasses fat and other liquids, micronutrients, amino acids, flavor and mold inhibitors decreases dust, increases energy and palatability
119
Recognize some different forage and roughage processing
Bailing- common method for hay/ more labor involved and moderate waste Dehydrated bags of hay (alfalfa) Chopped and ground- more uniform product and reduces waste and feed refusal Chemical treatment- Used on low digestible feed- high cellulose content. Wood shavings, sugar cane bagasse, pineapple waste, cereal straw. NaOH, urea, etc. Complete feeds: Some amounts of mixing and processing
120
What is APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Performs routine inspections under USDA for the proper sanitation of food preparation.
121
What is part of the routine inspection by APHIS in respect to nutrition?
cleanliness, handling, and storage
122
What do we need to look out for with frozen fish and meat
Vitamins lost in frozen/thawed fish- Vitamin E and Thiamin
123
What are some indicators of being thawed and refrozen
Water/ice build up on floor/ container Moist, slimy, or discolored wrapping Brown meat
124
What do we need to look out for when storing hay and bulk grain
Dates and rotation of products Broken packages need to be in containers or resealed No evidence of rodents or insect pests No evidence of mold

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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