Exam 2 Material

Question 1

What is the difference between climate and weather?

Answer 1

Question 2

Define climate change. What is causing it?

Answer 2

Question 3

How are humans contributing to climate change? How do we know? What specific molecules are involved?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the 5 main consequences of climate change?

Answer 4

Question 5

What is lay date?
How is it affected by climate change in some bird species?
Describe how it affects these species:
Northern Lapwing
Pied Flycatcher/Great Tit

Answer 5

Question 6

How is climate change related to habitat loss and why is it important?
Explain how it is affecting the Bicknell’s Thrush, Boreal Chickadee, and Cassia Crossbill.

Answer 6

Question 7

What are some ways that extreme weather and other effects of climate change can impact birds during the breeding and non-breeding seasons?

Answer 7

Question 8

Explain what phenological mismatch is, and why it occurs.

Answer 8

Question 9

What does climate change have to do with West Nile Virus?

Answer 9

transmitted by insect bites (skeeters)
elevational/latitudinal increase because northern/higher places are warming, expanding its geographic range with expansion of tolerable conditions

Question 10

How does ocean acidification affect birds?

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

As these trees change distribution or go extinct due to warming, the bird species that depend upon them will follow suit.

Question 12

Are the Carolina Wren and Common Loon expected to be climate change winners or losers? What does this even mean?

Answer 12

Question 13

What is habitat? How does it vary? What is suitable habitat?

Answer 13

Question 14

What is habitat loss? How is it measured?

Answer 14

Question 15

Describe how habitat loss is affecting the Kirtland’s Warbler, Cerulean Warbler, and grassland birds.

Answer 15

Question 16

What is habitat quality and how does it affect the species that depend on it?
What does fitness mean?

Answer 16

Question 17

Explain the buffer hypothesis.

Answer 17

Question 18

What is habitat degradation?
How does it affect the species that depend on the habitat?

Answer 18

Question 19

What are 4 examples of measures of body condition for birds?

Answer 19

Question 20

Describe foraging success and provisioning rates.
What do these indicate, and how are they measured?

Answer 20

Question 21

Describe source/sink dynamics and how they relate to habitat quality.

Answer 21

Question 22

How is habitat degradation affecting Red Knots and Ovenbirds?
Name a special individual Red Knot and explain why it is called that.

Answer 22

Question 23

What is urbanization?
What are 2 types?
How does it affect various bird species?

Answer 23

Question 24

What are some ways urbanization degrades habitat within the urban area and in adjacent areas?

Answer 24

also windows and cars

Question 25

What are urban avoiders and what are 4 examples? What type of impact on diversity do these have?

Answer 25

Question 26

What are foraging guilds? How are various guilds affected by urbanization?

Answer 26

Question 27

Give 7 examples of bird species that thrive in urban areas.

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe 2 bird species that **require** anthropogenic habitat components.

Answer 28

Question 29

Describe 2 examples of behavioral changes that have occured in urbanized areas.

Answer 29

Question 30

What are some examples of general impacts on breeding season birds in urban areas?

Answer 30

Question 31

What general category of predators may be increased in urban areas? Why? Which type of wild nest predator is especially prone to increased presence in urban areas? What about cats? What about birds of prey? (name a few that thrive in urban areas)

Answer 31

Question 32

Differentiate between native and exotic, invasive and non-invasive plants. What is an important trait that allows many exotic plants to become invasive?

Answer 32

Question 33

What is an ecological trap? Describe the case of the Northern Cardinal and honeysuckle.

Answer 33

Question 34

How does urbanization impact "nest survival" and how do we know this?

Answer 34

Question 35

What is it about windows that makes collisions such a big threat to bird populations? What is one action that can help? About how many birds are killed annually in the US by window collisions?

Answer 35

Question 36

Why are radio/cell towers a threat to bird populations? What is an especially susceptible species? Describe a famous occurence of this problem.

Answer 36

## Footnote tall timbers case was in 1955, 4k-7k birds killed by radio tower in one night

Question 37

Describe the presence of weather stations in urban areas has benefitted ornithology.

Answer 37

Question 38

Describe how artificial food sources in urban areas affect bird populations.

Answer 38

Question 39

Describe how urban light pollution affects bird behavior and development. Describe a prominent example of such a behavior change.

Answer 39

Question 40

Describe 2 threats to bird populations that are caused by vehicles. Describe a couple specific cases.

Answer 40

## Footnote woth = wood thrush, tuvu = turkey vulture, result of scavenging roadkilled woth

Question 41

Name 4 examples of exotic bird species that compete with natives in urban areas. What do most of them have in common? Name 2 pairs of species that compete with each other where the exotic one usually wins.

Answer 41

## Footnote eabl = eastern bluebird, rbwo = red-bellied woodpecker

Question 42

Define, describe, give examples, and relate these terms: native species endemic species invasive species exotic species "native invasive" species

Answer 42

Question 43

About what percentage of exotic species become invasive? What are they called if they survive after introduction but don't become invasive?

Answer 43

Question 44

Describe ways (and examples) of how invasive species spread. Describe the example of the Cattle Egret.

Answer 44

Question 45

Describe the factors that make invasive species harmful to the native ecosystem.

Answer 45

## Footnote blue-winged warbler and ruddy duck outcompete their own native sub-species for mates due to better plumage invasives are released from pressure of their predators and diseases that keep them in check in their native ranges

Question 46

What areas are most non-native bird species in the US? What's a group of non-natives that don't spread much? What types of birds are intentionally introduced? What's an example of a non-native that is spreading and one that is declining?

Answer 46

Question 47

What was the first domesticated bird species? What was it domesticated from, and for what? What kinds of problems do they cause?

Answer 47

Question 48

When, why, and from where was the Mute Swan introduced? What kinds of problems do they cause? What is being done to manage them?

Answer 48

Question 49

When was the House Sparrow introduced to the US and why? What kinds of problems do they cause? How are they doing in their native range, and where is that?

Answer 49

Question 50

When/where/why was the European Starling introduced in the US? What kind of problems does it cause?

Answer 50

Question 51

When, where, and why was the Eurasian Collared Dove introduced in the US? How far has it spread? What are its impacts?

Answer 51

Question 52

Describe the problem with Ruddy Ducks that have been introduced to England. When were they introduced?

Answer 52

Question 53

Describe the range shifts of the Brown-headed Cowbird. Why did it occur? How have they been managed in relation to the Kirtland's Warbler?

Answer 53

Question 54

Name a wetland grass (common/scientific) that very few birds will use that is spreading and converting entire marsh ecosystems.

Answer 54

Question 55

Name an invasive plant that was actually spread by state wildlife agencies for its perceived value to wildlife. What kind of ecological damage do we now know that it causes?

Answer 55

Question 56

Describe "the vine that ate the south" and what kinds of problems it causes. Why was it introduced?

Answer 56

Question 57

What is a common invasive plant that grows along riparian areas? Why is it a problem? What group of people actively resist its removal, and why?

Answer 57

Question 58

Describe tree-of-heaven and Norway maple (native range, problems caused, etc.).

Answer 58

Question 59

When, why, and from where was the spongy moth introduced? By who? Why is it a problem? Which direction is it spreading?

Answer 59

Question 60

What are 2 introduced types of ants in the US? Where has each been introduced? What problems do they cause for birds?

Answer 60

Question 61

Why are exotic earthworms a problem?

Answer 61

Question 62

What is the most important domesticated insect (common and scientific name)? Where is its native range? What problems does it cause?

Answer 62

Question 63

Why are white-tailed deer overabundant in modern times, and why is this a problem for birds?

Answer 63

Question 64

What is a prominent example of a "trophic cascade" from the reduction/elimination of top predators from an ecosystem?

Answer 64

Question 65

What introduced invasive mammal puts even more pressure on bird populations than habitat loss or climate change? How many birds per year are estimated to be killed by them? How many small mammals do they kill?

Answer 65

Question 66

What percent of birds killed by cats are attributable to **feral** cats? What are 5 common threats to feral cats? What is a large group of feral cats in an area known as? How many might there be in one group? How are they often maintained? What ecosystem impacts do they have?

Answer 66

Question 67

What is a common control techique for feral cats that has been shown not to work? Why doesn't it work? How much of the cat population must be managed in this way for it to have an effect?

Answer 67

## Footnote The cats are not fucking the birds to death.

Question 68

What are pesticides? What are some different types? Are they safe?

Answer 68

Question 69

What are herbicides used for? To maintain what? Describe 2 ways they can be used selectively in agriculture.

Answer 69

Question 70

What is biomagnification?

Answer 70

Question 71

When was DDT first used and when was its peak usage? Who brought attention to its negative impacts, and what prompted her to do so? What problem did it cause? What year was it banned? What outrageous claim did pesticide lobbyists make about the aforementioned person? What were some bird species that recovered after it stopped being used?

Answer 71

## Footnote also bald eagle

Question 72

What is a class of pesticides that is still widely used and has been shown to cause problems in songbirds? What kinds of problems does it cause? How widespread has its effects been shown to be? What groups of bird species have been most affected?

Answer 72

Question 73

In what ways have herbicides been shown to be 'bad' for birds in some cases, and 'good' for birds in others? How are fencerows related to this?

Answer 73

Question 74

How is acid rain formed? How acidic is it? How (specifically) does it affect an ecosystem and why? How does this ecosystem impact affect birds in turn? What are 2 example bird species affected?

Answer 74

Question 75

What else do feathers do for birds besides help them fly? What 2 general types of feathers do they have? What are some ways they maintain the quality of their feathers? What is the name of the gland used for one of these ways?

Answer 75

## Footnote preening with oil from uropygial gland

Question 76

What/when/where were the 2 largest oil spills in US history? What kinds of immediate effects do oil spills have on birds? How are these situations managed? What kinds of chronic effects might oil spills have on some birds, even if they do not directly get oiled?

Answer 76

Exxon Valdez: SE Alaska 1989, Deepwater Horizon: Gulf of Mexico 2010

Question 77

What is acid mine drainage and how is it formed? What does it produce in surface water? What kinds of invertebrates and vertebrates are directly impacted by this? What is an example of a bird species that is negatively impacted by this, and why? Describe exactly how this species was shown to be affected by AMD.

Answer 77

Question 78

What's the problem with 'biodegradable' plastic? Where is it an especially concentrated problem? Why does it cause problems for many fish and other aquatic organisms? What is an iconic bird species especially affected by plastic? What is unique about this species (2 things)? Describe how plastic affects the species.

Answer 78

Question 79

Describe the California Condor (range, size, diet, conservation status). What has been one of the main environmental threats to the species? Why is it such a threat?

Answer 79

Question 80

Describe how lead pollution affects both waterfowl and birds of prey. How does it get in the environment? What regulation was put into place (and when) to help the problem with waterfowl? What does it actually do to the birds affected by it? How are they treated?

Answer 80

Question 81

Describe an example of how a bird species has been affected by pharmaceuticals.

Answer 81

Question 82

Describe the difference between Preservation and Conservation.

Answer 82

Question 83

Why is prevention of habitat loss preferable to habitat restoration?

Answer 83

Question 84

Describe when Preservation is a practical approach, and when Conservation is the more practical approach.

Answer 84

Question 85

What's the difference between land sparing and land sharing?

Answer 85

Question 86

What is SLOSS? How is it applied?

Answer 86

Question 87

Explain Island Biogeography. Who proposed this idea, and in what year?

Answer 87

Question 88

What concept provides a mathematical framework for thinking about Island Biogeography? Explain the concept.

Answer 88

Question 89

Define habitat management. What's an example? Who typically does the work?

Answer 89

Question 90

What are BMPs? Why are they called "gray literature"?

Answer 90

Question 91

What are the 2 big overarching steps in habitat management? Explain each in further detail.

Answer 91

Question 92

Explain why natural disturbance is important.

Answer 92

Question 93

What ecosystems in the plains, SE, NE, midwest, and NW are fire dependent? How do some plant species adapt to and even promote wildfire, and why? What is the biggest threat to these fire-adapted ecosystems?

Answer 93

Question 94

How are disturbance loss (like fire suppression) and habitat loss related? How is forest maturation related to habitat loss? Why is this important?

Answer 94

Question 95

If forest maturation causes habitat loss by shading out some scrubby understory plants, how were these plants able to persist before humans were here to manage the forest? What were two major players in this dynamic? Who was one of the biggest players in squashing this dynamic?

Answer 95

Question 96

What is the process of changing forest structure over time called? How does this process get 'reset'?

Answer 96

Question 97

Define and give examples of umbrella, flagship, and keystone species. What other role do keystone species often play?

Answer 97

Question 98

What is timber management, and what is its role in habitat management? What is an example bird species that depends upon this?

Answer 98

Question 99

What is shrubland management and what is its role in habitat management? How is it different from timber management? Name a bird species and a mammal species that depend up on it.

Answer 99

Question 100

What kind of habitat management is necessary in many southern pinelands (like longleaf)? Why? Name 2 bird species that depend up on this. Why?

Answer 100

Question 101

What are 3 broad categories of constraints on habitat management? Explain each in detail and give examples where appropriate.

Answer 101

Question 102

Name and describe 3 general management strategies for invasive species.

Answer 102

Question 103

What are 3 factors that make some invasive control programs successful and others not? Give 4 examples of some programs.

Answer 103

## Footnote Philornis downsi: avian vampire fly; accidentally introduced in Galapagos; threatens some finch species because larvae feed on nestlings

Question 103

Why is early detection important to invasive species control? What is a prominent example of this in the US?

Answer 103

Question 104

What is even better than early detection when it comes to invasive species management? Why?

Answer 104

Question 105

How are herbicides used in the control of invasive plants? What kinds of applications/types are there?

Answer 105

Question 106

How can herbivory be used in the control of invasive plants? Name and describe one specific type of non-mammal herbivory that is often used.

Answer 106

## Footnote biological control - use of natural enemies (often introduced) to control undesirable organisms (i.e. using certain insects to control invasive plants, or parasitoids to control invasive insects)

Question 107

Besides herbicides, herbivory, and biological control, what are some alternative methods used for controlling invasive plants? Talk about control vs. eradication (define, drawbacks, benefits, etc.)

Answer 107

## Footnote benefit: allow native species to persist in presence of established invasives drawback: expensive, time-consuming, must be repeated regularly

Question 108

How do many invasive species spread after establishment, and what can we do about that?

Answer 108

Question 109

Are herbicides beneficial to birds? How do we know?

Answer 109

Question 110

Name 2 insecticides we have discussed in class. How do insecticides work? Are they harmful?

Answer 110

Question 111

What are natural enemies? What is a good example of this? What is a special type of natural enemy that is often used in biological control?

Answer 111

## Footnote parasitoid - insect that lives in close association with its host, eventually killing the host

Question 112

Talk about the case of the spongy moth in the US. How have we had some success against it? What ecosystems have benefited the most, and what 3 bird species?

Answer 112

Question 113

Are most insecticides species-specific? Talk about 3 examples of this.

Answer 113

Question 114

How do Brown-headed Cowbirds affect avian demography? What is a common technique for controlling them? Describe how it works. What is another indirect way for managing the impacts of BHCO? How does this apply to the Golden-winged Warbler? How has BHCO management affected the Kirtland's Warbler?

Answer 114

Question 115

What are the drawbacks to trapping and removal of feral cats? What is another method that is often proposed for control of feral cats? Is it effective? Has there ever been a success story with regards to eradication of feral cats?

Answer 115

| the cats are not fucking the birds to death. ## Footnote TNR can't practically trap and neuter enough cats to make a difference. it's not a closed system. it is a waste of time and money.

Question 116

Is it possible for a native species to be considered an invasive species? How does this happen? Name and explain 2 examples of this. What can be done about it?

Answer 116

Question 117

What regulations (and when) have been passed in the US to combat the problem of lead poisoning in birds? How has this affected bird populations?

Answer 117

Question 118

Why are hunters and anglers so important to wildlife conservation?

Answer 118

## Footnote Pittman-Robertson (not Robinson) Dingell-Johnson taxes fishing gear, not P-R

Question 119

What are the 7 pillars of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation?

Answer 119

Question 120

Explain "hunted species = happy species" and why this is so.

Answer 120

## Footnote ugh...some misinformation in that last bullet point

Question 121

Despite the 1991 lead bans for waterfowl, why/how is lead still a persistent problem for birds?

Answer 121

Question 122

Talk about what DDT is, why it was banned, and the results of those bans.

Answer 122

Question 123

What class of insecticides is still used heavily in the US despite some obvious dangers? Talk about some of these dangers. How can this problem be managed?

Answer 123

## Footnote one piece of neonic treated corn fucked up the white-crowned sparrow's ability to migrate

Question 124

Define and describe IPM.

Answer 124

Question 125

What are 3 methods used to clean up oil spills? What is a major problem with one of them? What is the main method that is supposed to prevent oil spills? Why is it not always effective?

Answer 125

Question 126

Exxon Valdez: what, where, when? How much coastline was affected? How much spilled? How has wildlife recovery been?

Answer 126

Question 127

What is AMD and how is it formed? Why is it bad for birds?

Answer 127

Question 128

What is the main tool used to manage the effects of acid mine drainage? How does it work? What is another benefit to this method, besides directly managing AMD?

Answer 128

Question 129

What are examples of physical and chemical methods for cleaning up microplastics? What is the biggest challenge to implementing these?

Answer 129

Question 130

Explain biological cleanup of microplastics and give 2 examples.

Answer 130

Question 131

What is *The Ocean Cleanup*?

Answer 131

Question 132

Besides traditional recycling, what is another method for potentially re-using plastics as a way to reduce their presence in the environment? What is the biggest drawback to this method?

Answer 132

Question 133

How much plastic is actually recycled, and why is this? What are some examples of what recycled plastic can be made into? Is recycling just a scam? Why or why not?

Answer 133

## Footnote "greenwashing"

Question 134

What are the two main strategies for reducing acid rain? How are they implemented?

Answer 134

## Footnote sulfur dioxide = one of the components of acid rain

Question 135

What are some ways we can reduce the threat of windows to birds?

Answer 135

## Footnote moving feeders closer to windows reduces velocity of collisions

Question 136

What are some ways we can make windows more visible to birds to prevent collisions? Name and describe a prominent study that tested these techniques. Describe some specific designs that have been shown to be effective.

Answer 136

## Footnote bird savers don't work: too much open space, not realistic enough

Question 137

What are some ways to manage noise pollution?

Answer 137

Question 138

Why is food availability a threat to birds, and how can we combat the problem?

Answer 138

Question 139

What are several things that can be done to reduce the frequency/severity of vehicle strikes as a threat to birds and other animals?

Answer 139

Question 140

What are some ways we can lessen the effects of light pollution on birds?

Answer 140