Exam 2 material Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
What is illness behavior?
A
meaningful experience of symptoms and paterns of coping and help-seeking
2
Q
What are local cultural orientations?
A
patterned ways we have learned to think and act in our life worlds that replicate the social structure of those worlds
3
Q
concept of the body in Western society
A
- the body is a machine separate from thought and emotion (mind-body dualism: Descartes)
- mechanistic view
4
Q
non-Western society view of the body
A
body is a system, linking others to self and balance in holistic combination of factors
5
Q
what is somatization?
A
expression of psychological distress through bodily symptoms
6
Q
what is an idiom of distress? give examples
A
- locally-salient, usually bodily metaphor for personal, social, or political suffering
- flojo (idea of being lazy and tired) in Belize
- created by a tie between bodily process and cultural categories
7
Q
what is Supire Wharf?
A
the idea that, without language, you can’t think
8
Q
why does meaning matter in illness? why does illness experience matter in addition to just diagnosis?
A
- Diagnosis is based on what patient says, so patient’s interpretation of illness
- Experience and belief impact treatment adherence
- Physicians may overlook some symptoms in favor of expeced ones that fit diagnostic categories
- Multiple [explanatory models] in multicultural societies
9
Q
what is person-centered ethnography?
A
- attempts to create emic (experience-near) ways to describe and analyze human behavior, subjective experience, and psychological processes
- focus on both words and body
10
Q
what is the focus of person-centered ethnography?
A
focuses on how individual’s subjective experience shapes and is shaped by social and cultural processes
11
Q
how does one study people by person-centered ethnography?
A
give interviews, participant-observation, look at records, etc.
12
Q
pros and cons of person-centered ethnography
A
pro: get emic perspective, in depth
con: time-consuming data collection; can’t do analyses that look for average
13
Q
what is Cartesian Dualism?
A
idea that mind and body work together
14
Q
what are some assumptions of biomedicine?
A
- “objectivist” perspective
- Nature and culture are dichotomous cateogies
- science uncovers truths of the natural world
- technology means culture will eventually master nature
- mind and body are separate and the mind controls the body
15
Q
what is interpretive medical anthropology generally interested in?
A
negotiation of meaning
16
Q
what is an incorrect assumption of typical biomedical system?
A
assumption that biomedical diagnosis is cause and life context is extraneous
17
Q
what is the main idea of biological/physical anthropology
A
the idea that the body is a universal object
18
Q
What is the concept of the body as used in medical anthropology?
A
- Simultaneously physical and symbolic
- Natural and culturally produced
- Anchored in a particular historical moment
19
Q
What are the three bodies?
A
- Individual body
- Social body
- Body politic
20
Q
what is the individual body?
A
puts attention on daily experience; meaning-making
body as a personal thing
21
Q
what is the social body?
A
- body is a metaphor to understand the world around us
- communicative and symbolic aspect of the body
- metaphors: backbone, guts, worn out, run down, recharged
22
Q
What is the body politic?
A
looks at problems from a larger perspective
regulation, surveillance, and control of bodies (like eyescans for immigrants… stuff to protect public health)
23
Q
Buddhist idea of the body
A
- Your body is your own, but is also conencted to and identical with the entire universe
- “I am you; you are me”
- very holistic view
24
Q
Chinese Yin/Yang alternate model to view the body
A
- the body is a poised state of equilibrium, oscillating between poles
- (yin.yang, masculine/feminine, light/dark, hot/cold)
- Bodies are feverish/chillded, moist/dry, etc.
25
what are the two ways to view the relationship between the body and illness?
individualistic vs. sociocentric self
26
What is the individualistic self
* Method of looking at body as it related to illness in which sickness has an inner, physical or mental, cause
* Sickness is your fault
* Healing/therapy concentrated in the individual body
27
What is the sociocentric self?
* Method of looking at body as it relates to illness in which sickness is seen as a problem of social relations (ex: sorcery)
* Healing and therapy involves multiple participants
* sickness is self-absorption or lack of connection
28
Change in idea of self in rural Fiji
* before TV, had sociocentric self: care and love by attention to others' robust and big bodies.
* after TV, individual bodies: pursuit of lifestyle by being skinnier
29
What are the four components of an ethnomedical system?
1. Theory of etiology
2. System of diagnosis
3. Techniques of appropriate treatment/therapy
4. Prevention techniques
30
What is an explanatory model?
a cognitive blueprint in which to make snese of experience
31
What is etiology?
theories of disease causation
32
What is an ethnomedical system?
a medical system specific to a particular culture
33
What is typology?
a system of categorization where we find the range of variation and group into ideal types
34
What are the two major epistemological stances of person-centered ethnography?
1. Truth is "uncovered": "Objectivist"
2. Truths are co-created in investigation: "Interpretive"
35
What are some probles with the biomedical body?
* Cartesian Dualism: artificial separation of body and mind
* Pain is either physical OR mental
* Cause is either biological OR psychosocial
* Lack of language for mind-body-society interactions
36
How is the body viewed in medical anthropology?
* Simultaneously physical and symbolic
* Natural and culturally produced
* Anchored in a particular historical moment
37
What are the two systems of comparative ethnomedicine
Naturalistic and Personalistic
38
Cause of sickness in naturalistic system
* cause is the active agent
* It's your fault
* Cause is equilibrium loss: upset of balance of basic body elements (yin/yang)
39
Cause of sickness in personalistic system
* The sick person is viewed as the victim
* Illness is just one example of misfortune: causality is eneralized
* Responsibility for sickness is complex and beyond control: not fault of person who is sick
40
In what type of ethnomedical system is emphasis laid on treatment, not diagnosis?
naturalistic system
ex: biomedical
41
In which ethnomedical system is chance considered a cause for sickness?
Naturalistic system
42
In what ethnomedical system is the sick person considered the victim?
Personalistic system
43
A practitioner of this type of ethnomedical system would ask the questions, "who and why"
personalistic system
44
Compare cures in the two types of ethnomedical systems
naturalistic: oriented toward the body - acupuncture, drugs, surgery
personalistic: deal with not only immediate cause, but also underlying social rifts that caused it (ex: witchcraft)
45
In the view of a personalistic ethnomedical system, how would you prevent sickness?
do things that maintain social health with fellow humans, ancestors, and deities
46
A practitioner of this type of ethnomedical system might ask, "what's wrong"
naturalistic system
47
in this type of ethnomedical system, sickness and health extends to the domains of social relationships with living people, ancestors, and spirits
personalistic system
48
Voodoo is an example of this type of ethnomedical system
personalistic system
49
why does mental health matter around world?
* mental health problems are one of the largest causes of lost years of quality of life
* 100s of millions of people across the lifespan suffer from mental illness
* peopel suffer mental illness as a consequence of violence, dislocation, poverty, disasters, and exploitation
50
What are three types of mental health disorders?
1. Mood/affective disorders (bipolar, depressive)
2. Anxiety (panic, phobias, OCD, PTSD)
3. Schizophrenia
51
What is WHO's definition of mental health?
* not just the absence of disease, but rather the state of well-being in which the individual realizes his/her own abilities, can work productively, and is able to contribute to community
* structure of economic and political welfare matters in mental health
52
What are the two paradigms by which to view mental with?
psychiatry and anthropology
53
which paradigm of mental healh emphasizes biological dimensions of disease?
psychiatry
54
which paradigm of mental health emphasizes cultural dimensions of illness?
anthropological paradigm
55
Which paradigm of mental health emphasizes personal experience, meaning, and phenomenology
anthropology
56
What is an example of psychiatric paradigm study and what does it maximize?
* WHO schizophrenia study
* maximizes reliability
57
What is an example of an anthropological paradigm study of mental health and what does it maximize?
* Lemelson, 2003
* Culture & Depression, 1982
* Maximizes validity
58
Psychiatry paradigm of mental health relation to culture
deemphasizes cultural dimensions of illness
59
Which paradigm of mental health searches for universals and underlying pathology (how disorders are similar across cultures)
psychiatry paradigm
60
Which paradigm of mental health rarely looks for universals and insead looks for variation between cultures?
anthropology paradigm
61
What was the 1980 Refugee act?
Defined refugee/asylum seeker consistent with international regulations
62
What would qualify someone for refugee status? What wouldn't?
* prove reasonable fear of persecution
* qualifies: general persecution, economic persectution when accompanied by another form, sex-based persecution
* what doesn't: general harassment or economic hardship, general civil unrest in country, draft dodging, prosecution for violation of country's criminal laws
63
What is the deftinition of "refugee"?
any persons outside of his or her own country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion
64
what is the difference between refugees and asylum seekers?
location
65
On average, about how many refugees are resettled in the US per year today?
78,000
66
What are the refugee priorities?
1. Individuals
2. Groups of specific humanitarian concern (Cuba, Former Soviet Union, Vietnam)
3. Family reunification
67
How many officially recognized refugees worldwide?
At least 20 million
68
How many internally displaced people (not officially recognized refugees)
at least 20 million more
69
What countries tend to host refugees?
* Developing countries host the majority (75%) of world's refugees
* Nations with per capita income of less than $2000 host more than 2/3 of refugees
70
What percent of refugees do countries with per capita income of over $10,000 host?
only 4%
71
What sort of benefits do refugees get in the US?
housing, welfare, food stamps, basic social needs met, training programs, language programs, access to free medical care
72
Possible mental health challenges of forced migration
* Violence/trauma history
* discrimination
* uncertain settlement
* settlement policies (need diagnosis for status)
73
What are some challenges of acculturation for refugees?
* Conflicting cultural practices and beliefs
* Generation gap
* Role loss
(effects different for people at different stages of life)
74
What are ethnopsychiatric systems based on?
cultural assumptions and social role expectations
75
