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Nutrition and Metabolism > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

0
Q

James Lind

A

Orange and lemons as cure for scurvy

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

“Father of medicine”, first decribes symptoms of scurvy

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2
Q

Hoist and Frolich

A

Scurvy accidentally produced in guinea pigs, instead of beriberi

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3
Q

Albert Szent-Gyorgyl

A

Hexuronic acid (vitamin C) is reducing agent

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4
Q

SVCT-1

A

sodium dependent vitamin c transporter, transports ascorbate/ascorbic acid across apical membrane of intestinal cells, also tissue uptake

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5
Q

SVCT-2

A

Sodium dependent vitamin c transporter, transports vitamin c (ascorbic acid/DHAA) across basolateral membrane of intestinal cells, also tissue uptake

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6
Q

GLUT

A

Glucose transporter, transports DHAA across apical membrane of intestinal cells

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7
Q

Collagen enzymes

A

Prolyl 3-hydroxylase, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase, 1/3 total protein in body, structural protein in skin, bones, tendons, and cartilage

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8
Q

Carnitine

A

Derivative of lysine, metabolite in metabolism transport of LCFA from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation

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9
Q

Reducing agent

A

Donates electrons, ascorbate functions in carnitine, tyrosine, collagen, neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Vitamin c assessment

A

Leukocytes for long term. Plasma for short term. (<0.2 deficient)

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12
Q

Linus Pauling

A

Chemical bond books, peace prize for advocacy against nuclear weapons, vitamin C

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13
Q

Gulonolactone oxidase

A

Guinea pigs and humans lack, to make vitamin C

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14
Q

Retinal oxidase

A

irreversibly converts retinal to retinoic acid with niacin as coenzyme

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15
Q

Vitamin C Neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine to epinephrine

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16
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

osmotic diarrhea, abdominal pain, at more than 2 g

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17
Q

Wackenroder

A

isolates carotene from carrots

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18
Q

Snell

A

cures night blindness with cod liver oil

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19
Q

Paul Karrer

A

Nobel Prize, synthesized B2 and recognized it as “yellow enzyme”, isolates retinol from cod liver oil, helped with Vitamin K, synthesized vitamin E

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20
Q

McCollum

A

fat-soluble A factor required for growth, in cod liver oil, heat-stable factor in cod liver oil is vitamin D

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21
Q

CRBP-2

A

cellular retinol binding protein, binds retinol and retinal to make soluble within intestinal cell, escorts retinol (retinal converted to retinol) to LRAT

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22
Q

LRAT

A

Lecithin retinol acyl transferase, adds FA like palmitate to retinol to form retinyl esters

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23
Q

Chylomicron

A

consists of lipids, esters, TAGs, carotenoids, and retinyl esters (from retinol), exits the intestinal cell and enters the lymph, eventually travels to blood and liver

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24
Q

Retinyl Ester Hydrolase

A

in the liver, retinyl esters are released from FA

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25
Q

Retinyl Ester

A

retinol with palmitate, transport form, storage form, taken up by liver

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26
Q

CRBP-1

A

cellular binding protein 1, in liver cell to bind retinol

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27
Q

RBP

A

retinol binding protein, binds retinol to form holo-RBP in liver, then to transthyretin and thyroxin

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28
Q

Prothrombin Time test

A

Vitamin K status, measures time required for a fibrin clot to form after adding calcium to citrated plasma, deficient is >25 seconds

29
Q

Vitamin K antagonists

A

prevent blood clots, warfarin (coumadin) and dicumarol

30
Q

Osteocalcin

A

bone Gla protein, dependent on vitamin K, 3 Gla proteins to bind calcium, regulate bone mineralization, abundant, secreted by osteoblasts

31
Q

Matrix Gla protein

A

(MGP) vitamin K dependent protein, mobilization of bone calcium, under-carboxylation during deficiency causes atherosclerotic lesions

32
Q

Rhodopsin

A

11-cis-retinal (converted from all-trans-retinal) and opsin, night vision

33
Q

CRABP

A

cellular retinoic acid binding protein, chaperones retinoic acid to nucleus, binds to retinoic acid receptor, dimerize, bind to retinoic acid response elements (RARE)

34
Q

RAR

A

specific receptor for all-trans-retinoic acid in the nucleus, binds to RARE in promoter region with bound retinol, vitamin a as hormone

35
Q

RXR

A

specific receptor for 3-cis-retinoic acid in the nuclus, binds to RARE in promoter region with bound retinol, and vitamin D, vitamin a as hormone

36
Q

Retinoids as TF

A

only when bound to RAR/RXR for activation or repression of mRNA formation of nuclei

37
Q

Retinoic acid

A

stimulates growth, maintains normal differentiation of cells

38
Q

Retinol Activity Equivalents

A

RAE, 1 mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta carotene, 24 alpha carotene or other provitamin A caratenoids

39
Q

Isotretinoin

A

Accutane, normalizes epidermis cell differentiation, reduces synthesis of sebum

40
Q

Calcium absorption

A

unknown, not TRPV6 or calbindin, can go between cells (paracellular), Enhanced by estrogen, vitamin D, dietary Calcium. Inhibited by phytate, fiber, oxalate, excessive divalent cations, unabsorbed fatty acids.

41
Q

Phytate

A

binds calcium so it cannot be absorbed, less available form of phosphorus, inhibits itself from absorption as well as excessive Mg/Ca/Al intake. Found in cereal grains, wheat, rice, corn, beans, legumes, nuts

42
Q

Oxalate

A

binds calcium so it cannot be absorbed, in green leafy veggies, fruits, nuts, tea

43
Q

Sodium

A

addition 1 g Na results in urinary loss of 26 mg Ca

44
Q

PTH

A

released from parathyroid when low blood Ca, stimulates bone resorption and the kidneys to reabsorb Ca

45
Q

Calcitriol

A

converted from vitamin D3 because of PTH signal in kidney, stimulate Ca absorption in intestine and bone resorption, 1,25-OH D3

46
Q

Calcitonin

A

thyroid gland produces and releases it to inhibit osteoclasts (resorption) and prevent Ca mobilization from bone (resorption), reduces blood Ca

47
Q

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

A

Affects trabecular bone. Female, caucasian, small, family history, disease, caffeine, smoking.

48
Q

Estrogen

A

spare bone by increase osteoclast apoptosis, decreased bone resorption, decreased osteoblast apoptosis. Hormone replacement therapy (+ Ca supplement) helpful after menopause.

49
Q

TRPM6

A

protein transported involved in Mg absorption

50
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

in bone, calcium to phosphate 2:1

51
Q

Whistler

A

first scientific description of rickets

52
Q

Trousseau

A

cod liver oil as treatment for rickets

53
Q

Edward Mellanby

A

induces rickets in puppies via low-fat diet, could be treated with cod liver oil and butter, concludes the rickets is vitamin A deficiency (actually D)

54
Q

Huldschinsky

A

cures rickets with UV light lamp

55
Q

Adolf Windaus

A

vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol, nobel prize

56
Q

25-hydroxylase

A

hepatic (first) hydroxylation in mitochondria of D3, makes 25-OH D3 (good indicator for vitamin D status), p450 enzyme

57
Q

1-hydroxylase

A

renal (second) hydroxylation in kidney to make calcitriol (active form of D3), increased activity via low 1,25-OH D3, low plasma Ca, low P intake, and PTH.

58
Q

Factors affecting skin synthesis of vitamin D

A

latitude, season, time of day, weather, sunscreen, skin pigment (dark difficult), age (old makes less)

59
Q

Calcitroic acid

A

soluble in water, secreted in urine, uses 24-hydroxylase to make transform D3 to 1,24,25-OH D3

60
Q

DBP (D binding protein)

A

tightly bound to 25-OH D3 for transport to kidney from liver, loosely bound to 1,25-OH D3 for release to tissues

61
Q

Calbindin

A

binds Calcium after its absorbed (no role in absorption) and translocates it to the basolateral membrane, increased transcription via 1,25-OH D3, expression decreases in vitamin D deficiency

62
Q

Vitamin D for gene expression

A

1,25-OH D3 binds VDR nuclear receptor and forms hetero-dimer with RXR, complex binds VDRE response element, stimulates transcription of genes

63
Q

TRPV5

A

pumps calcium back into blood at glomerulus in kidney

64
Q

Herbert Evans and Catherine Bishop

A

wheat germ oil is required for reproduction in female rats because of vitamin E (tocopherol)

65
Q

1 mg tocopherol

A

1.49 IU

66
Q

AVED

A

ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, caused by mutations in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TPP)

67
Q

Alpha-tocopherol Transfer Protein

A

alpha-TPP, transports alpha tocopherol in hepatocyte to VLDL

68
Q

15, 15’ dioxygenase

A

cleaves carotenoids into two retinals in mucosal cell or liver

Nutrition and Metabolism (3 decks)

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