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Equine Production > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

2nd most common cause of ‘wastage’ of athletic horses

A

resp. system problems

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2
Q

work together to deliver O2 and nutrients from the environment to the working tissues

A

circulatory and resp systems

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3
Q

risk factors for resp. diseases

A

dusty environment, dry feeds, transport, stress, strange horse contact

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4
Q

upper airways include; provide; controls

A

nasal cavity, larynx and pharynx
provide resistance to air flow
controls amount of air flowing through pathways

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5
Q

if radius of airways is reduced resistance

A

increases

physical obstruction, inflammation, infectious disease, noisy breathing

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6
Q

scientific name for ‘roaring’

A

laryngeal hemiplasia: paralysis of the nerves of the larynx causing a collapse of the cartlige (usually left side); leads to exercise intolorance at very high intensities

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7
Q

extension of the roof of the mouth, separates the nasal and oral cavity

A

soft palate

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8
Q

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

A

seal can no loner form properly, leading to ineffective breathing

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9
Q

symptoms for dorsal displacement

A

gurgling noise, some air movement into/out of mouth; inability to keep exercising

generally corrects itself after exercising

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10
Q

lower airways

A

trachea, bronchi, alveoli

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11
Q

lower airway causes of poor performance

A

inflammatory airway disease; recurrent airway obstruction; exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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12
Q

inflammatory airway disease

A

occurs in 20-50% of athletic horses

cough and mucus accumulation in pharynx, trachea and bronchi; accumulation of inflammatory cells

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13
Q

factors that lead to inflammation

A

allergies, pulmonary stress, pollutants, and viral and bacterial infections

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14
Q

recurrent airway obstruction aka COPD

A

older mature horses
allergic condition, chronic cough, flared nostrils, elevated respiratory rate
related to envt. conditions

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15
Q

“bleeders” are caused by

A

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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16
Q

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

“bleeders”
blood cells enter airways
common in racing horses
associated with reductions in racing performance

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17
Q

Potential causes of EIPH

A

rupture of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar membrane –> blood cells enter the respiratory tract

related to high pressure gradient in the blood-gas barrier in the lungs

  • ->neg pressure in the alveoli during inspiration and positive pressure in the blood capillaries
  • ->mechanical pressure (organs moving back and forth)
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18
Q

epistaxis

A

visible blood in nostrils

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19
Q

method for testing EIPH

A

endoscope; scores 0-4

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20
Q

EIPH treatment methods

A

Lasix - most commonly used; diuretic (reduces plasma volume- reduction in blood pressure)

nasal stripes

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21
Q

cardiac causes of poor performance

A

arrhythmias; murmers

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22
Q

abnormal rhythm of the heart

A

cardiac arrhythmia- will affect blood movement through the heart and blood delivery to the body

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23
Q

arrythmias that alter performance

A

atrial fibrillation - atria flutters

ventricular premature beats - heart ‘skips a beat’ ventricle contracts before it is full

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24
Q

conditions that affect blood delivery to the body causes

A

fatigue
Such as: cardiac disease: murmurs, inflammation
systemic problems: acid/base or electrolyte imbalance

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25
valvular regurgitations are also known as
murmurs happens when valves do not completely close and blood leaks back into the chamber
26
heart murmurs are more common in
athletic/fit horses
27
less blood pumps out of the heart with each beat (need a more forceful beat)
aortic insufficiency | may lead to arrhythmia
28
aortic rupture
when there is a break (hole) in the wall of the aorta blood pools in sac surrounding heart, chest cavity often immediately fatal
29
normal body temperature range
37.5-38.5
30
biological work: external and internal
external: movement of the horse, movement of an objet by the horse internal: muscle contraction, metabolism, etc.
31
requires the use of chemical energy and converts it to chemical, electrical or mechanical energy
work | results in heat production
32
how is heat produced in the muscle
chemical energy (nutrients) --> mechanical energy (muscle contraction)
33
heat must be
dissipated
34
is all heat a problem?
no; maintains body temp
35
effects of warming up before exercise
improvement in enzyme activity, increase O2 release from hemoglobin
36
how much heat is produced during intense sprinting exercise vs endurance exercise
raise body temp 1 degree C per min at VO2max lower rate of heat production but over a longer period of time; 15-21 degree C per hour
37
factors affecting heat dissipation
``` ambient temperature humidity wind surface area body condition hair coat ```
38
types of heat transfer
conduction; convection; radiation; evaporation
39
direct contact form of heat transfer from high to low temp
conduction
40
heat removed from the surface due to air currents
convection
41
heat loss as infrared radiation; from high to low temp
radiation
42
heat used to transform liquid to a vapor
evaporation (ex. sweating)
43
why are effective cooling mechanisms especially important in the horse?
lots of muscle - produces lots of heat small surface ares: body weight ratio; makes heat dissipation challenging
44
sweating is simulted by
epinephrine
45
anhidrosis
inability to sweat
46
sweat is composed of
water, electrolytes, some protein | key electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride
47
protein that creates white foam on horses
latherin: glycoprotein detergent that helps sweat 'stick' to the coat so it can absorb the most heat
48
in cases of high humidity where sweat doesn't evaporate fast enough it can result in
large fluid and electrolyte losses; limited cooling benefit sweat is scraped off in theses cases
49
effects of conditioning on thermoregulation
increased heat production more effective heat dissipation lower sweating threshold increase in plasma volume
50
heat index is measured by
temperature + humidity (%)
51
repeated bouts of exercise (that is gradually modified over time) over a period of weeks or months
conditioning
52
conditioning is designed to
induce physiological and structual adaptations
53
physiological changes in response to conditioning
HR, ability to sweat, etc
54
structural changes in response to conditioning
size/shape of muscle, bone density, soft tissue, etc.
55
goals for a conditioning program
increase capacity to perform a particular type of work; EX. delay onset of fatigue; improve overall performance (skill, strength, speed, endurance); minimize the potential for injury
56
two main components for preparing for athletic performance
conditioning (maximize performance & maintain soundness) and schooling (motor control & mental discipline)
57
response to exercise
increased HR, redistribution of blood flow, increased resp. rate, increased tidal volume, increased core body temp
58
response to conditioning
increase muscle size; able to do certain level of work at decreased HR; stroke volume increases
59
short term physiological responses to conditioning
stress to tissues; depletion of substrates; metabolic wastes; "damage" to muscle fibers, tendons, ligaments; sweat losses body recuperates in between: strengthens tissues, requires sufficient time btwn exercise bouts
60
long term physiological responses to conditioning
adaptation to exercise rate of adaptation depends on tissues (cardiovascular/muscles: a few weeks & supporting structures such as hoof, bone, cartilage, etc much slower, many months) goal: condition all body systems w/o causing any of them to fail
61
3 Hows of workload
1. Intensity: how much energy is used (HR, speed, Vo2, weight, slope) 2. duration: how long is the exercise? (long at low/med intensity improves stamina short @ high intensity improves speed) 3. Frequency: How often is the exercise at this 'level' occurring? (conditioning vs. maintenance workouts
62
progressive loading
gradual increase in workload
63
overloading
too much stress will lead to a breakdown of the 'weakest link'
64
3 key types of conditioning
1. cardiovascular conditioning 2. strength conditioning 3. suppling
65
improves the ability of the body to produce energy | how ATP gets made
cardiovascular conditioning
66
improve strength, power or endurance of specific muscle groups
strength conditioning
67
increase range of motion around certain joints
suppling
68
maintain constant intensity over a long period of time
continuous training
69
intersperses bouts of intense exercise with partial recovery rest periods
interval training
70
2 types of interval training
aerobic and anaerobic
71
aerobic interval training
longer, lower intensity intervals
72
anaerobic interval training
shorter, higher intensity intervals
73
why are rest periods generally at trot?
b/c keeps blood flowing to muscles which keeps lactic acid out
74
strength training
improve the strength, power or endurance of muscles; ensures joint stability, prevents muscle fatigue related injuries; initial improvements in performance: neuromuscular coordination; focuses on building muscle; nerous system better at triggering muscles to do the work
75
ways to increase the force of muscle contration
``` hill work higher jumps more impulsion deeper footing carry more weight ```
76
grradual inclines
add intensity in aerobic conditioning programs; improve balance; begin strengthening
77
steep uphill gradients
develop hindquarter strength
78
downhill gradients
help with collection work
79
working across a gradient
strenghthen a weak side
80
suppling exercises
increase range of motion; reduce tension and resistance in muscles; helps horse move more easily and more athletically; ex. stretching limbs, bending head/neck, lateral work, circles
81
4 components of a daily workout
warm up work warm down cool out
82
warm up
low intensity gradual increase; get cardio system up and running (splenic contraction)
83
work out
conditioning session
84
cooling out
put horse away cool and dry
85
cardiovascular changes to conditioning effects lasting
minimal decline in the first month of 'rest' | after the first month off, each subsequent month requires a month of reconditioning
86
strength changes to conditioning effects lasting
maintained longer than cardiovascular changes | 1 workout session per week is sufficient to maintain

Equine Production (3 decks)

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