Exam 2 Memorization Material Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is Isoelectronic?
A
Same electron configuration but not the same number of electrons
2
Q
What is diamagnetic?
A
All e- paired and responds poorly or has no response to a magnetic field
3
Q
What is paramagnetic?
A
Some unpaired e- and responds to a magnetic field and response depends on the number of unpaired e-
4
Q
What is the lewis base in the transition metal complex?
A
Ligands
5
Q
What are the lewis acids in transition metal complexes?
A
Metal Center
6
Q
What is a transition metal complexes?
A
Chemical species where several neutral or anion ligands bind to a transition metal ion
7
Q
What is a monodendate ligand?
A
A molecule that has one atom that can donate a lone pair
8
Q
What is a bidentate ligand?
A
A molecule that has two atoms 90 degrees apart that can donate a lone pair
9
Q
What is a hexadentate ligand?
A
A molecule that has 6 atoms that are 90 degrees apart that can donate lone pairs
10
Q
What is an example of a tridentate ligand?
A
Diethylenetriamine (dien)
11
Q
What is an example of a hexadentate ligand?
A
EDTA
12
Q
What is an example of a bidentate ligand?
A
Oxalato and Ethylenediamine (en)
13
Q
What is the greek name for an anion copper complex?
A
Cuprate
14
Q
What is the greek name for an anion gold complex?
A
Aurate
15
Q
What is the greek name for an anion iron complex?
A
Ferrate
16
Q
What is the greek name for an anion lead complex?
A
Plumbate
17
Q
What is the greek name for an anion tin complex?
A
Stannate
18
Q
What is the greek name for an anion silver complex?
A
Argentate
19
Q
What are the prefixes for ligands that have a prefix within the molecule?
A
bis (2), tris (3), tetrakis(4)
20
Q
What is coordination number?
A
Number of things attached to the central metal atom
21
Q
What are stereoisomers? What are the two kinds?
A
Same atoms, same connectivity
- Geometric and Optical/Chiral
22
Q
What are geometric isomers?
A
Stereoisomers that have different arrangements of atoms
23
Q
What are optical/chiral isomers?
A
Stereoisomers that have the same arrangement of atoms but are not the same molecule (MIRROR)
AKA Enantiomers
24
Q
What is cis- connectivity?
A
2 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral or square planar complexes that are 90 degrees apart
25
What is trans- connectivity?
2 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral or square planar complexes that are 180 degrees
26
What is fac- connectivity?
3 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral complexes all 90 degrees and share a face
27
What is mer- connectivity?
3 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral complexes 90 and 180 degrees in a T-shape connected north and south pole
28
What does it mean if two objects are chiral?
Non-superimposable mirror images (NO MIRROR PLANES)
29
What is a mirror image?
A picture of that object reflected in a mirror (made up of two structures one is called its optical isomer)
30
What is a mirror plane?
A two-dimensional plane inside an object where the two halves are reflected equally (one structure split in half NOT CHIRAL)
31
What are structural isomers?
Complexes with the same atoms but different connectivity
32
What are the types of structural isomers?
Linkage, Ionization, and Coordination
33
What are linkage isomers?
Same ligand, bonded through different atoms (can only do if a molecule has resonance)
34
What are ionization isomers?
A ligand and the counter ion switch places
35
What are coordination isomers?
Different metal in the center of the complex, same coordination environment
36
What causes colors of the metal cation liquids?
Partially filled d orbitals and electronic excitation due to photons
37
What does degenerate mean?
Of equal energy
38
What is Crystal Field Theory?
An ionic model of metal-ligand bonding
39
What orbitals have high energy for octahedral geometry?
dx2-y2 and dz2
40
What does direct overlap mean in terms of geometry and orbitals?
It means high energy and indirect overlap means low energy
41
What does a strong field ligand mean for difference in energy?
Large energy difference (opposite for weak field ligands)
42
What does a large energy difference mean for electron spin?
Large energy diff. = low spin
Small energy diff. = high spin
43
What is pairing energy (P.E.)?
Energy required to pair e- in an orbital
44
What is splitting energy?
The difference in energy between d-orbitals
45
What orbitals have high and low energy for tetrahedral geometry?
HIGH: dxy, dyz, dxz
LOW: dx2-y2, dz2
46
What orbitals have high and low energy for square planar geometry?
HIGH: dx2-y2
LOW: dxz, dyz (degenerate)
47
What orbitals have high and low energy for linear geometry?
HIGH: dz2
LOW: dxy, dx2-y2
48
What are the properties of Scandium (Sc)?
Common OS: 0, +3
Similar chemistry to Mg
No d-electrons in ions: colorless and diamagnetic
49
What are the properties of Titanium (Ti)?
Common OS: 0, +4
Some similar chemistry to C, Si
Structurally strong, very light weight metal (great for bicycles)
TiO2 very white used as brightener for paper and paint
50
What are the properties of Vanadium (V)?
Common OS: 0, +5
Used in alloys to strengthen material
TOXIC
51
What are the properties of Niodium(Nb) and Tantalum(Ta)?
Named after Greek mythology daughter and father
Nb - superconductors
52
What are the properties of Chromium (Cr)?
Common OS: 0, +3, +4, +6
First family with multiple OS found in nature
Name derived from greek word for color
TOXIC
53
What are the properties of Molybdenum(Mo) and Tungsten(W)?
Biologically important for enzymes and pigments
W = very high melting point which makes it great for light bulb filaments
54
What are the properties of Manganese (Mn)?
Most OS of the first row transition metals
Not found in nautre at a pure metal
Used as a catalyst, alkaline batteries, steel, and as cofactors to enzymes
Permanganates are very strong oxidizing agents
55
What are the properties of Technetium (Tc)?
Lightest radioactive element
Only man made
Discovered in 1937
56
What are the properties of Iron (Fe)?
Possible OS: +2 to +6 Common OS: +2, +3
Major component of steel
Most common element on earth
Biologica importance for oxygen transport in vertebrates and redox enzymes in plants and animals
57
What are the properties of Cobalt (Co)?
Beautiful blue color for glass, dyes
Very rare to find pure
"goblin" ore
58
What are the properties of Rhodium (Rh)?
Hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert
Very rare!
Excellent metal for plating jewelry
59
What are the properties of Iridium (Ir)?
Rare
Comes from outer space
60
What are the properties of the Nickel (Ni) family?
Stable, less reactive metals
All good catalysts
Ni - coins, batteries, corrosion preventer
Pt - rare, very unreactive, corrosion resistant, jewelry, anticancer drugs
61
What are the properties of Copper (Cu)?
Excellent conductor of electricity, durable
Alloys: Sn (bronze) and Zn (brass)
62
What are the properties of Silver (Ag)?
Highest thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and reflectivity
More abundant that Au
Tarnishes from contant with sulfur
63
What are the properties of Gold (Au)?
Very unreactive, even to most acids!
Most malleable metal
Used for jewelry, currency, etc.
64
What are the properties of Zinc (Zn)?
Corrosion resistant
TOXIC
65
What are the properties of Cadmium (Cd)?
Common OS: +2
TOXIC
used in batteries
66
What are the properties of Mercury (Hg)?
Only metal that is liquid at room temp
Also toxic (based on dose)
Dental fillings
67
What are allotropes?
One element that can configure itself under different conditions into different structures
68
What are the properties of Alkali Metals?
Common OS: +1
Highly reactive
React vigorously with H2O
React with O2 to form oxides, peroxides, and superoxides
Li: Important for batteries
69
What are the properties of Hydrogen?
Lightest element
Small, low IMFs, liquid at 20K
Applications: rocket fuel
Non-metal
70
What are the properties of Alkaline Earth Metals?
Common OS: +2
Low densities, low melting and boiling points, low solubility, form basic oxides
71
What are the properties of Beryllium (Be)?
Smaller, harder, higher melting point, higher ionization energy, more covalent bonding, less reactive than family members, amphoteric oxide
72
What are the properties of Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)?
Biologically important
Lower solubility = hard water
73
What are the properties of Barium (Ba)?
Toxic
Absorbs X-rays
Not very soluble at low concentration
Gastomedicine
74
What are the properties of Radium?
Radioactive
75
What are metal oxides?
Li2O
O2-
76
What are metal peroxides?
Na2O2
O2 2-
77
What are metal superoxides?
K, Rb, and CsO2
O2-
78
What are the properties of Group 14 aka Tetragens?
Common OS: +2, +4
Can form 4 covalent bonds to non-metals
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
79
What are the properties of Carbon (C)?
Can form pi bonds
Basis for life
Allotropes: diamond, graphite, fullerenes
80
What are the properties of Silicon (Si)?
Si-O bonds stronger than Si-Si bonds
Basis for geological world
81
What are the properties of Germanium (Ge)?
Rare
semiconductors
Less-common
82
What are the properties of Tin (Sn)?
Soft metal, silvery color
Allotropes: white tin, grey tin, brittle tin
83
What are the properties of Lead (Pb)?
Soft, toxic, low melting point
84
What are the properties of Group 15?
Mostly non-metals
Common OS: multiple!
Includes: N, P, As, Bi
85
What are the properties of Nitrogen (N)?
Stable or highly reactive
(N2 vs. TNT)
Can form pi bonds: important for DNA, nitrogen fixation, atmosphere
86
What are the properties of Phosphorus (P)?
Larger, d-orbitals available for electrons, bonding
Present in ATP, ADP, also in fertilizer
87
What are the properties of Arsenic (As)?
Semi-metal (Staircase)
TOXIC
88
What are the properties of Bismuth (Bi)?
Common OS: +5
Heavy, not very toxic
Good substitute for lead
89
What is the inert pair effect?
When elements with several valence electrons do not lose all of them but instead keep 2 VEs in the valence s orbital
EX: Bi3+, Sb3+
90
What causes the inert pair effect?
Increasing ionization energies
Related to size and effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
Occurs for heavier elements in the p-block
91
What are the properties of Group 16?
Common OS: 0 (O2), -1 (peroxides), -2 (most common for the family)
Includes: O, S, Po
92
What are the properties of Oxygen (O)?
Found in two molecular forms O2 and O3 (ozone)
O3 = toxic, used for water treatment, atmosphere
93
What are the properties of Sulfur (S)?
Unpleasant smell
Uses for chemical weapons
30 allotropes
94
What are the properties of Polonium (Po)?
Radioactive, lethal, also present in tobacco
95
What are the properties of Group 17 (Halogens)?
Common OS: -1
Atomic form not found in nature
High electronegativity, form polar covalent bonds
With oxygen, form oxyacids
Includes: F(g), Cl(g), Br(l), I(s), At
96
What are the properties of Fluorine (F)?
Small, highest electronegativity
Important for dental care, gives CFCs and PFAS stability
97
What are the properties of Astatine (At)?
Radioactive, longest lived isotope lasted 8 h
98
What are the properties of Group 18 (Noble Gases)?
Common OS: 0
Typically low reactivity, colorless, odorless, neutral
Low melting/boiling point
Includes: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
99
What are the properties of Helium (He)?
Forms no compounds (full octet)
LIGHT escapes atmosphere
100
What are the properties of Neon (Ne)?
Forms no compounds (full octet)
Luminescent with current
101
What are the properties of Argon (Ar)?
Major component of air
Forms some compounds (expanded octet)
102
What are the properties of Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn)?
Many stable compounds (expanded octets)
Rn : Radioactive
