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MT Spinal Biomechanics Test 2 > Exam 2 my/o & Levers, Jt Materials, Types of jts, Mechanical Prop of Tissues > Flashcards

Exam 2 my/o & Levers, Jt Materials, Types of jts, Mechanical Prop of Tissues Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

synarthroses connect bony components using ___ and/or ___ connective tissue

A

fibrous; cartilaginous

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2
Q

2 types of synarthroses

A

fibrous; cartilaginous

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3
Q

examples of fibrous types of synarthroses (3)

A

cranial sutures; gomphoses (teeth); syndesmosis (interosseus membranes)

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4
Q

examples of cartilaginous types of synarthroses (3)

A

pubic symphysis; IVDs; areas of bone growth (synchondrosis)

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5
Q

the 1st rib is an example of what type of synarthrosis?

A

cartilaginous

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6
Q

diarthroses connect bony surfaces ___ by means of a ___ ___

A

indirectly; joint capsule

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7
Q

diarthroses are also known as ___ joints

A

synovial

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8
Q

5 features of diarthroses

A
  1. joint capsule (2 layers)
  2. joint cavity (created by capsule)
  3. inner lining of synovial tissue
  4. synovial fluid
  5. hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces
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9
Q

3 sub-categories of synovial joints

A
  1. uniaxial
  2. biaxial
  3. triaxial
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10
Q

in uniaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ plane and around a ___ axis of rotation

A

one, single

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11
Q

2 types of uniaxial synovial joints

A

hinge, pivot

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12
Q

example of hinge joint

A

fingers

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13
Q

example of pivot joint

A

median atlantoaxial joint (dens)

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14
Q

in biaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation

A

2; 2

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15
Q

2 degrees of freedom in what type of joint?

A

biaxial

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16
Q

2 types of biaxial synovial joints

A

condyloid and saddle joints

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17
Q

condyloid joints have ___ concave and ___ convex surface that slide over each other in ___ directions

A

1; 1; 2

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18
Q

2 examples of condyloid joints

A

MCPs (metacarpalphalangeal joints) and occipital condyles

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19
Q

in saddle joints, each joint surface is both ___ in one plane and ___ in another

A

concave; convex

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20
Q

example of saddle joint

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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21
Q

in a triaxial joint, motion is in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation

A

3; 3

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22
Q

how many degrees of freedom in a triaxial joint?

A

3

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23
Q

triaxial joints also known as?

A

multiaxial

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24
Q

2 types of triaxial joints

A

plane and ball-and-socket joints

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25
plane joints permit ___ in several directions
gliding
26
2 examples of plane joints
carpals and tarsals
27
ball-and-socket joints allow ___ and ___, ___ and ___, ___ and combinations of all
flexion; extension; adduction; abduction; rotation
28
2 examples of ball-and-socket joints
iliofemoral joint (hip) and glenohumeral joint
29
in an open kinematic chain, one end of the chain is ___ ___ and one joint can move ___ of others
not fixed; independently
30

in a closed kinematic chain, one end of the chain is ___ creating a ___ system; movement of one joint automatically causes ___ in other joints in the chain

| fixed; closed; movement

31
flexion of the knee causes flexion of the hip and dorsiflexion of the ankle as in squatting, what is this an example of?
closed chain
32
flexion of the knee can occur with or without motion in the hip and ankle as in standing and flexing one knee, what is this an example of?
open chain
33
4 types of joint motion
active ROM; passive ROM; end-feel; normal ROM
34
the amount of motion allowed by active voluntary movement by skeletal muscle contraction = ?
AROM
35
the amount of motion allowed by passively moving a joint past its active ROM (involuntary movement) = ?
PROM
36
the "springiness" allowed by the soft tissues at the end of passive ROM = ?
end-feel
37
normal ROM is also referred to as ___ ROM or ___ ROM
anatomic; physiologic
38
Determining factors of normal ROM
1. joint shape 2. joint capsule/ligaments 3. muscle/tendon 4. surrounding structures
39
arthrokinematics is defined as the motion of one ___ surface relative to the one ___
joint; adjacent
40
3 main motions in arthrokinematics
roll; slide; spin
41
what type of arthrokinematic motion is like a tire on a road?
roll
42
what type of arthrokinematic motion is defined as one surface glides over another; purely translatory?
slide
43
Material deformation to maintain load over time which recovers after load is remove
Creep
44
Internal reaction of a structure to an applied force load referred to
Stress
45
Mechanism of Wolff's law is that bone collagen and other crystaline and have electrical field which exhibit
Piezoelectric properties
46
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage of lever system is calculated by
M ad = EA/RA
47
Tearing off piece of bone @ attachment site of tendon/liga
Avulsion
48
Failure of boney material as result of applied load
Fx
49
Cartilage that is tough, smooth, occurs on joint surface 2 decrease friction
Hyaline
50
Flat sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, decrease friction btn structures
Bursae
51
Withstand significant tensile forces attach bone to muscle
Tendon
52
3rd class lever
Mechanical disadvantage;
53
2nd class lever
Mechanical advantage;
54
1st class lever
Mechanical advantage; disadvantage; neutral
55
4 class of human connective tissues
CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood
56
What type of arthrokinematic motion involves rotation of one surface over another; purely rotary
spin
57
Full abduction of GH joint to 180 degrees requires
roll; slide, spin
58
example of closed chain movement
leg press against foot plate
59
closed chain is not synonymous with ___-___
weight bearing
60
in what type of chain are both ends of a segment or set of segments constrained and not free to move in space?
closed chain
61
in what type of chain is one end of a segment or set of segments free to move in space?
open chain
62
EA may be equal to, greater than, or less than RA in what lever class?
1st class lever
63
EA is greater than RA in what type of lever?
2nd class
64
in 1st-class levers, M Ad is ___, ___ or ___ to 1
greater; lesser; equal
65
in 2nd-class levers, the M Ad is ___ than 1
greater
66
second-class levers are involved in ___ contraction
eccentric
67
EA is less than RA in what class of lever?; M ad is less than 1
3rd class lever
68
which lever system is involved in concentric contraction?
3rd
69
mechanical advantage is the measure of the ___ ___ of a lever system
mechanical efficiency
70
ligaments and tendons generally go through a gradual transition in ___, classified into ___, as they attach to bones and/or muscles. this serves to diffuse ___ in the tissues that are subjected to primarily ___ forces (muscle) to tissue subjected to ___ and ___ forces (bone, cartilage, ligaments)
materials; zones; load; tensile; compressive, tensile
71
which cellular component consists of cartilage and types II, IX, and XI collagens?
chondroblast
72
which cellular components consist of types I and V collagens?
osteoblasts and osteoids
73
which cellular component consists of loose connective tissue and is made up of types I and IV collagens?
fibroblasts
74
2 structural components of tissue
cellular components and extracellular matrix
75
ligaments are ___% cellular and ___% extracellular
20%; 80%
76
which type of cartilage is very flexible and resilient; occurs in ears, nose, skin, etc.?
elastic
77
which type of cartilage is tough and very smooth; occurs at the ends of bones (joint surfaces); greatly reduces friction?
hyaline
78
4 types of specific joint CT structures
ligaments, tendons, bursae, cartliage
79
Collagen
possesses tremendous tensile strength and provides the functional integrity of CT; accounts for 25-30% of all protein found in mammals; sometimes referred to as the "glue" of the body; main substance of connective tissue; most abundant protein in the body
80
bone consists of compact (___) and spongy (___ or ___) layers; hardest CT due to inorganic ___
cortical; cancellous, trabecular; hydroxyapatite
81
CT proper varied in ___ and ___
density; elasticity
82
blood is fluid with ___ components
cellular
83
ligaments connect bone to ___; few cells with much ___-___ material/matrix, mostly collagen with some ___
bone; extra-cellular; elastin

MT Spinal Biomechanics Test 2 (1 decks)

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