Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience-special topic > Exam 2: Neural Crest and Facial Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neural Crest and Facial Disorders Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Neural crest cells have what 3 characteristics?

A

transient
migratory
multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neural crest cells are only found in

A

vertebrate embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neural crest cells important for embryo development, forming __ germ layer

A

4th germ layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where are neural crest cells in head/face?

A

bones.
Pharyngeal arch
cranial morphogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm, where are neural crest cells from?

A

Ectoderm, but special. They can turn into anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do neural crest cells migrate in the chicken embryo?

A

Dorsal –> Ventral

back to front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tools for cell fate mapping

A

1) vital dye labelling

2) lineage tracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe vital dye labeling

A

using certain dye to label cells on back.

Culture embryos and see where labelled cells go. Then injection shows where cells migrate. Where you inject determines where they migrate.

Neural crest cells migrate based on where they originated.

HOWEVER, injections could be contaminated, need something more precise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you use Cre-Loxp system for lineage trace?

A

Mate Cre with LacZ and stop allele

Offspring gets lacZ- recognizes certain color. Label cells without taking them out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do we see from Wnt1Cre tracing?

A

migrate extensively and go far.
Wnt1cre to skull

c-shape morphology in E8.5-15, in forebrain, midbrain, medial arch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

To study the origin of the scale: what labels? What results ?

A

mesp1-cre/R26R- label mesoderm cells

Wnt1-cre/R2R- label neural crest cells

Wnt- frontal
Mes- parietal

Conclusion? Scalp has 2 origins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A

1) PNS
2) Endocrine and paraendocrine derivatives
3) Pigement cells
4) Facial cartilage and bone
5) connective tissue
many very specific cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neural crest development- 4 stages

A

1) Induction
2) Delamination
3) Migration
5) Specification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Induction

A

transformed from ectoderm into neural crest cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Delamination

A

through epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Migration

A

toward ventral destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Specification

A

multipotent neural crest cells differentiate into specific lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do neural crest cells originate from?

A

Ectoderm cells at the neural plate border

Edge of neural tube are neural crest cells, follow development from ectoderm to tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neural plate inductive signals

A

Bmps, Wnts, FGFs, Notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neural plate border specifiers,

A

Dll5, Pax3/7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neural plate crest specifiers

A

FoxD3, Twist, Snail, Sox10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neural crest effectors

A

MlTF, Rho GTPases, Kit, Ret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do neural crest cells migrate

A

Dorsal –> Ventral
dorsal ventral pathway

dorsal lateral –> ventral lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are they hypothesis for why D –> V

A

1) Growth Factor Gradients

2) Fibrolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Neural crest cells migration patterns: Cranial cells
Cranial cells spread SHEET (frontonasal prominence cells) spread in STREMS (pharyngeal arch cells, including cardio and neural crest cells)
26
Neural crest cell migration patterns: | Trunk cells
dorsal root ganglia
27
Neural crest cell migration patterns: Vagal and sacral neural crest cells
adrenal gland
28
Example of cardiac cells which are in cranial neural crest cells
top part of heart pulmonary artery, arch, arota
29
Trunk neural crest cells migrate in 1 of 2 pathways
1) Neurons and glial cells (ventromedial) 2) Melanocytes (dorsolateral) Dorsolateral: both sides Ventromedial: into the heart, determine glial cells
30
Transplantation of trunk neural crest cells
radiolabeled donor chicken embryo. neural crest cells transplant to another chick embryo. Cells Black = neural crest transplant donor --> host (chicken/quail)
31
4 types of cell neural crest can make **not: doesn't mean these cells only from neural crest, just that it CAN make them
1) Mesenchymal (firoblasts, muscle, heart) 2) Neuronal cells 3) Secretory cells (chromaffin, parafollicular, calcitonin producing) 4) pigmented cells (melanocytes)
32
Specification of neural crest: Edn1 and Nppc
Cartilage/bone
33
Specification of neural crest: Neuregulin and Edn3
Schwann cells
34
Specification of neural crest: Neururin, Gdnf, Nts
neurons
35
Specification of neural crest: Edn3, alpha-MSH, Steel (steel and Edn3 together)
Melanocytes
36
Why express each different gene?
lineages in different origins, different segments. Tell morphology under microscope. What makes 1 segment different from the others.
37
____ is a crucial regulator of neural crest cell differentiation
Sox10
38
Cranial neural crest cells become...
cartilage/bone connective tissue pigment glial/peripheral neurons
39
Trunk neural crest cells become...
pigment | glial/peripheral
40
Vagal and Sacral neural crest cells become...
gut enteric ganglia
41
how do neural crest genes decide the factor of derivatives?
interact with cofactors
42
congenital craniofacial disorders
scalps have different patterns. We know the lines connected to different tracks and they have different patterns.
43
craniofacial anomalies observed in __ human newborns with birth defects
3/4
44
Occurrence of cleft lip/palate
1:700
45
Occurrence of cleft craniosynostosis
1:2,500
46
*****What is craniosynostosis?
premature closure of scalp bones fuse. Normally, babies born, scalp has several bones which separate so brain can grow. Since bones not separated, grow and pressure builds. Effects development/speaking ability.
47
cleft lip and palate
unilateral and bilateral severe nose/upper lip split 1/1,000-1/700 world wide. highest in Asians Cleft lip/palate (45%), palate (35%), lip (20%)
48
Causes of cleft lip and palate
genetic factors environmental factors- mother with alcohol early, cigarette, prenatal nutrition, drug exposure, other environment factors 80%- only lip/palate, probably genetic
49
mammalian craniofacial morphogenesis
feltro?- place where face fits like puzzle, meets at top line. why faces have nose groove. Happens in womb between 2-3 months
50
Upper lip formation in mammals | 2 things
mnp and lnp form triangle region. Two separate regions that fuse for upper lip. when they get close, ectoderm cells covering migrate and undergo apoptosis. Forms integrated tissues. *If cells don't die- cleft lip
51
What indicates that apoptosis is a pathway for the epithelia seam breaking down during upper lip fusion?
Expression of active Caspase 3 at the boundary between MNP/LNP
52
___ regulates upper lip fusion via maintaining cell proliferation and activating apoptosis at LNP/MNP boundary.
Lrp6 activating apoptosis at LNP/MNP boundary if cell does not meet in middle, cleft lip in mouse.
53
Palatogenesis
formation of secondary palate. upper lip: MxP and MNP palate: Mx cells?
54
critical steps of PALATE development
Growth Elevation Adhesion/fusion Any step disruption = cleft palate
55
Polarity of developing palate
anterior posterior Lateral Medial Lateral Barx1 is only lower part of palate. Certain polarity. Regulated by different genes, which interact and monitor.
56
Polarity of Developing palate: The anterior palatal shelves elevate in a flip-up process,
flip-up process
57
Polarity of Developing Palate: the posterior palatal shelves undergo
remodeling and reorientation through horizontal outgrowth from the medial wall
58
Cellular process for palate fusion
1) apoptosis 2) extrusion of medial edge sema (MES) cells this is what happens to ectoderm cells, but not in palate. instead, cells attach and migrate to the side (displacement) actin cables left in. Forms epithelial triangle which eventually disappears.
59
Molecular control palate patterning
takes a number of genes Epitheial cell development important cells lose integrity and fuse.
60
5 categories of palatal shelf defects that result in cleft palate
1) failure of palatal shelf formation 2) fusion with tongue or manidibel 3) failure of palatal shelf elevation 4) failure to meet following elevation 5) persistence of medial edge epithelium
61
Calvaria development and craniosynostosis
premature suture fusion | 1/2,500 births
62
plagiocephally
20-30% fused coronal suture (one side)
63
Sacphocephaly
40-60% | Fused saggital suture
64
Trigoncephaly
fused metopic suture
65
what causes types of craniosynostosis
mutations of Fgf2 cause autoactivation of receptor and abnormal differentiation of suture cells
66
How do we rescue craniosynostosis mouse.
Fdfr2 mutation is functional mutation. Receptor can be activated without ligand binding. Erk signal downstream. Erk signal shows WT mutant rescuing.
67
calvaria derived from what two origins?
neural crest | mesoderm
68
Suture cells are ____ cells, which serve as ____
mesenchymal stem cells serve as connection between different bones
69
Development of homeostasis of calvaria is under rigorous control of
genetic factors, such as FgFr2

Neuroscience-special topic (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions