Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology 1 > Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 4 - Hearing and the Visual System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 4 - Hearing and the Visual System Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are sound waves

A

Longitudinal vibrations of gas particles in an external medium (air)

Phases of compression and rarefaction alternate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intensity, frequency, and wavelength

A

Intensity - base of wave to top of wave (amplitude)

Frequency - distance from one wave to the next (peak to peak or valley to valley)

Wavelength - length of whole wave; one whole peak and one whole valley; distance between two areas of maximal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outer ear parts and what is does

A

Ear pinna and ear canal

Funnels sound to the tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Middle ear parts and what is does

A

Contains 3 ossicles (bones) - malleus, incus, stapes (AKA hammer, anvil, stirrup)

Air filled cavity connected to nasopharynx by eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

skeletal muscles in ear

A

2 small skeletal muscles attached to malleus and stapes

Stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do stapedius and tensor tympani muscles do

A

work together in order to regulate vibration

react when there is sound

can control how much structures in ear move to act as a bit of a buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chambers of the ear and what they contain

A

Scala vestibule (dorsal) - contains perilymph

Scala tympani (ventral) - contains perilymph

Scala media - contains endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endolymph vs perilymph

A

endolymph - intercellular fluid; high in potassium

perilymph - extracellular fluid; high in sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

organ of corti and tectorial membrane and basilar membrane

A

Organ of corti - functional unit

Tectorial membrane - on top of organ of corti; gelatinous texture; hair cells are sustained here (this lies on top of hair cells)

Basilar membrane - contains hair cells; structure that moves as a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hearing sequence of events (4)

A
  1. Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and produce vibrations on the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  2. Movements of the ossicles in the middle ear
  3. Vibrations on the oval window are transferred to the basilar membrane (through perilymph and endolymph) causing it to move up and down
  4. Hair cells cilia shear along the tectorial membrane causing changes in transmitter release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

difference between low and high frequency vibrations

A

Low frequency causes vibrations of almost all cells and travels far in cochlea

High frequency causes vibrations in few cells and does not travel far in cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory in regards to hearing

A

Excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Components of the auditory pathway

A 
Hair cell
Spiral ganglion (in periphery)
cranial nerve VII
Cochlear nuclei (in medulla)
trapezoid body
Superior olivary complex (in medulla-pons)
lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus (in mesencephalon)
brachium of the inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus (in diencephalon)
auditory radiations
Auditory complex (in telencephalon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are receptor cells located in eye

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parts of the retina

A

Temporal - closer to temporal region of brain, lateral

Nasal - closer to nasal area, incudes where optic nerve is, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreous chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is aqueous humor and where is it

A

Nutrients for cornea and lens

located in anterior and posterior chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is vitreous humor and where is it

A

composed by gelatinous fluid and phagocytic cells

located in vitreous chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lens ligaments and muscles

A

Lens is suspended by ligaments (zonular fibers) that are attached to the ciliary body (muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tears:
What do they do (4)
What immunoglobulin do they contain

A

Contains Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Lubricates eye
Prevents frost damage of cornea
Moistens nasal cavity
Helps combat bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tapetum

A

Reflective patch for nocturnal seeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does eye change for near and far vision

A

Ciliary muscles change tension on suspensor ligaments thereby altering the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Shape of lens in near vs far vision

A

Near vision - ciliary muscles contract –> decreased tension of suspensory ligaments –> lens round

Far vision - ciliary muscles relaxed –> increased tension of suspensory ligaments –> lens flattened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cells of the retina and functions (6)

A

Retinal pigmented cells - nourishment and protection of photoreceptors –> 1st layer

Photoreceptors - rods and cones –> 2nd layer

Horizontal cells - lateral interactions among photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Bipolar cells - connect photoreceptors with ganglion cells –> 3rd layer

Amacrine cells - lateral interactions among bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Ganglion cells - axons from the optic nerve –> 4th layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Rods characteristics (5)
``` Most sensitive to light Night vision (low light) Low acuity Achromatic Peripheral retina ```
26
Cones characteristics (5)
``` Less sensitive to light Day vision (normal indoor and daylight) High acuity Color vision Central retina (fovea) ```
27
Define acuity
Good at discerning image detail
28
Parts of the rod/cone
Outer segment - plasma membrane; discs; cytoplasmic space; cilium Inner segment - mitochondria and nucleus Synaptic terminal - releases transmitters
29
What do discs of outer segments contain
Visual photopigment: Opsin - a GPCR Retinal - an aldehyde of Vitamin A (retinol)
30
Depolarization and hyperpolarization in photoreceptors
Depolarize when not stimulated by light Hyperpolarize when stimulated by light --> cell becomes more negative
31
Mechanism in darkness (2 steps) and in light (4 steps)
Darkness: 1. 11-cis-retinol and opsin bound together 2. cGMP produced Light: 1. 11-cis-retinol configuration changed to all-trans which is split away from opsin 2. Opsin binds to and activates a G-protein (transducin) 3. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cGMP 4. Decreased cGMP levels cause a closure of Na+ channels --> hyperpolarization --> less glutamate release (glutamate is the activating transmitter)
32
types of cones
Cones differentiate colors Blue cones - sensitive to smaller wavelength light Green cones - sensitive to medium wavelength light Red cones - sensitive to larger wavelength light
33
Differences between species - number of cones/colors they can see
Birds, insects - different types of cones; good color vision Humans, apes, old world monkeys - 3 cones (blue, green-yellow, orange-red) --> trichromatic vision Dogs, cats, cattle - 2 cones --> dichromic vision Dogs see mostly in blue and yellow
34
carnivore vs herbivore field of vision
Carnivore - eyes are frontal, restricted monocular lateral vision, large central binocular field Herbivore - eyes lateral, wide monocular lateral vision, narrow central binocular field
35
Reticulo-geniculo-striate pathway
pathway to cerebral cortex crosses at optic chiasm lateral geniculate nucleus is located in thalamus primary visual cortex is located in occipital lobe
36
Reticulo-geniculo-striate pathway direction of travel
Right visual field projects to left (nasal) retina and axons travel to the left lateral geniculate nucleus and to the left primary visual cortex - axons from right vision goes to left side of brain Left visual field projects to the right (temporal) retina and axons travel to the right lateral geniculate nucleus and to the right primary visual cortex - axons from left vision goes to right side of brain
37
Where do axons from nasal and temporal retinas go
Axons from nasal retina of both eyes goes to contralateral part of brain - left nasal goes to right side of brain and right nasal goes to left side of brain Axons from temporal retina of both eyes stay on same side of brain - left temporal goes to left side of brain and right temporal goes to right side of brain
38
Pupillary light reflex and consensual response - circular vs radial muscle
Circular muscle --> constrictor --> parasympathetic innervation Radial muscle --> dilation --> sympathetic innervation
39
Which part of the brain is the olfactory brain
Rhinecephalon
40
Why is olfaction important
Sense of smell important for seeking food; orientation; marking territory; choosing mate; recognition of danger
41
Differences in passage of air through nasal cavity: sniffing vs breathing
Sniffing: air passes above heat exchanger reaching olfactory epithelium directly Dogs sniff quickly to push air to olfactory Breathing: air passes through the heat exchanger
42
Olfactory cells discription
Primary receptor cells Dendrite extending towards surface of epithelium Mucus layer keeps epithelium moist and clean Mucus layer contains cilia
43
Olfactory cell cilia
Embedded in mucus layer of epithelium Contain odor receptors
44
Glomerulus of olfactory cell
Group of synapses between olfactory cell terminals and mitral cell terminals Several unmyelinated axons of olfactory cells synapse with a mitral cell in the glomerulus (olfactory bulb) --> signal amplification
45
Odor molecules and odorant receptors
Odor molecules dissolved in gas or water (aerosols) Odorant receptors (OR) are GPCRs Olfactory cells are extremely sensitive - single odor molecule can open several thousand ion channels
46
Olfactory pathway to cerebral cortex
Olfactory epithelium - olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb ``` Olfactory cortex anterior olfactory nucleus piriform cortex amygdala entorhinal cortex ``` Thalamus or Hippocampus From thalamus to frontal cortex or caudate nucleus
47
Parts of the olfactory cortex and what they do and where the signal goes after
Anterior olfactory nucleus: Create and store olfactory gestalts Goes to thalamus Piriform cortex: Behavioral, cognitive, and contextual info Goes to thalamus Amygdala: Emotional processing of olfactory info Goes to thalamus Entorhinal cortex: Working memory Goes to Hippocampus
48
Vomeronasal organ location
Paired, cylindrical organ located ventrally and medially in anterior portion of nasal septum Connected to oral cavity
49
Vomeronasal organ function
Sexual behavior Recognition of odor molecules dissolved in fluids such as urine and vaginal secretions Flehmen response
50
What is the Flehmen response
"to curl upper lip" Observed in males (ungulates and felidae) Direct the fluids in the vomeronasal organ
51
Species differences in distribution of taste buds Ruminants Dogs Birds
Ruminants - mostly in basis of tongue Dogs - mostly in tip Birds - poorly developed
52
What kind of receptors (primary or secondary) are taste receptor cells
Secondary receptor cells
53
How flavor particles get to receptors
1. Mastication 2. Flavor particles suspended in fluid 3. Fluid with flavor particles enter into the pores and bind to their receptors
54
Differences in intensity of recognition of different gustatory stimuli based on location of tongue
Tip - more salty Sides - more bitter and sour Back - more bitter and sweet
55
Different gustatory stimuli (5)
Sweet - glucose, saccharose Sour - citric acid, H+ Salty - NaCl, Na+ Bitter - caffeine, nicotine Umami - from Japanese "umai" = delicious and tasty --> tomatoes, meat, cheese, soja sauce, flavor enhancers
56
Ionotropic gustation receptors
Salty, sour 1. Na channels at apical membrane of cell 2. When Na or H approaches it goes through Na channel 3. Leads to membrane potential 4. Depolarization of cell, Ca influx 5. Synaptic vesicles fuse with basal membrane then release transmitters 6. Activates neuron and info travels to CNS
57
Metabotropic gustation receptors
Sweet, bitter, Umami 1. Glucose, glutamic acid, caffeine etc. bind to GPCR at apical membrane of cell 2. Signal goes farther with 2nd messenger DAG and IP3 3. Ca release from ER 4. Opens channels, like Na channels 5. Induces release of atypical transmitter (ATP) 6. Info travels to CNS
58
What activates heat sensitive channels in the oral cavity
Capsaicin - in spicy foods Capsaicin binds to heat sensitive channels
59
What is a use of Capsaicin
Medicinal use in cremes for muscle pain and strains
60
Central pathway for gustation
Afferent fibers in cranial nerves VII (facial) of nucleus of solitary tract that reach the thalamus and project to the cerebral cortex

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions