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Psychopharmacology > Exam 2: Nicotine and Caffeine > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nicotine and Caffeine Flashcards

1
Q

Nicotine Administration Route etc.

A

Plant Alkaloid
Base with pKa 8.5

Inhalation
Buccal
Nasal
Transdermal

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2
Q

Biotransformation of Nicotine

A

Nicotine (2 hr. 1/2 life)

CytoP450

Cotinine (16 hr. 1/2) life

Oxidation

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3
Q

Risk factors for nicotine addiction

A

Fast metabolism
Caucasians
females

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4
Q

Is nicotine itself what cause health problems?

A

No

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5
Q

What creates acetylcholine from acetyl CoA and Choline?

A

ChAT

Choline
Acetyltransferase

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6
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine from acetyl CoA and Choline?

A

AChE

Acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q

Cholinergic pathways

A

Hippocampus: LDT/PPT; lateral dorsal tegmentum/peripeduncular tegmentum

Axon terminals: VTA, ventral tegmental area

Goes back ground to VTA to terminate in cortex/hippocampus

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8
Q

Cholinergic cellbodies in front part project to cortex and hippocampus, but they ___

A

die in alzheimers

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9
Q

Nicotine acts like

A

acetylcholine

agonist

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10
Q

Types of nicotine receptors

A

ionotrophic and metabotrophic

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11
Q

Nicotinic ionotrophic receptors

A

2x acetylcholine or nicotine molecules binds

Na+ enters
binds betwen alpha4/beta2

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12
Q

Is nicotine an agonist or antagonist? (Tricky)

A

Both. At first, agonist. But then, antagonist. When clear system, receptor back to desensitized state, then wants nicotine again. Causes dependency

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13
Q

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

A

Skeletal muscles, brain neurons, ANS, Adrenal medullary cells

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14
Q

What acetylcholine receptor leads to tremor?

A

Nicotinic

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15
Q

What predominates in nicotine activation?

A

Parasym.

has M and N receptors

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16
Q

Nicotine effects on mood (acute)

A

arousal, alertness, attentive, relaxed

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17
Q

Sympathetic effects of nicotine

A

respiration, hear rate and bp go up

suppressed appetite
decreased diuresis

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18
Q

Parasympathetic effects of nicotine

A

increased GI activity

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19
Q

Acute toxic effects of nicotine

A

dizziness, nausea, vomiting

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20
Q

Other toxic effects of nicotine:

A 
Area postrema 
Twitches/tremors- high doses
Seizures- stimulant
Respiratory suppression: blocks contraction of respiratory muscles AND inhibits medullary respiratory centers.
Even death
21
Q

Will nicotine stimulate or inhibit respiration?

A 
Small = stimulate
High = repress
22
Q

Nicotine at Nm (muscles) at high dose

A

twitch
tremor
paralysis

23
Q

What is amount for nicotine poisoning?

A 
500 mg (60 mg?)
1 cigarette = 15mg
24
Q

How does repiratory suppression work at high doses?

A

1) blocks contraction of respiratory muscles

2) inhibiting medullary respiratory centers

25
Q

Therapeutic Uses

A

current: smoking cessation, other diseases under study.

26
Q

Chronic smoking: Physical withdrawal

A

Tolerance and withdrawal syndrome.

Irritability, anxiety, distraction, restlessness, insomnia, hunger, weight gain

27
Q

A4-beta2

(nACh nicotinic receptors) + radio tracers, what happens?

A

Nicotine displaces radio labelled tracers.
3 puffs = 75% displacement.

When smoking stops and receptors later exposed, hypersensitive and start to experience withdrawal symptoms.

28
Q

Microdialysis

A

technique used to measure release of NT from certain brain areas in rodent, insert into rat brain, pump fluid, CSF flushes araea and draw back up, get the NT release in certain region.

29
Q

Microdialysis of dopamine release

A

NA pump fluid out, draw it out, look at release in NA.

high Dose = higher dopamine release in NA

30
Q

Where is the dopamine released?

A

NA

31
Q

When tobacco is burned?

A

1) Carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride)
2) Toxic metals
3) Poisons (ammonia, CO)

32
Q

Smoking on cardiovascular system

A

1) Increases demand (heart rate/bp)
2) Reduces oxygen supply to heart (atherosclerosis, CO reduces affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, impairs pulmonary function (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

33
Q

Emphysema

A

damage to alveoli, not reversible

34
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchial tubes

35
Q

Only ___ that try to quit smoking actually quit.

A

1/5 (20%)

36
Q

Pharmacotherapy for smoking addiction

A

Buproprion antidepressant blocks dopamine reuptake

Varenicline partial nicotinic receptor agaonist

Nicrotine replacement to occupy receptors

37
Q

Caffeine is just

A

Xanthine with a whole lotta methyl (-CH3)

38
Q

Caffeine (kinetics):

1) Administration
2) Acid/base?
3) 1/2 life?

A

Oral
Base
4 hr

Cross BBB
metabolized to paraxanthine, (84%) theobromine, (12%)
theophylline (4%)

39
Q

Normal doses of caffeine block

A

adenosine receptors

(A2a), mild dis inhibition. when blocked by methylxanthine

40
Q

Very high doses of caffeine will do what 3 things?

A

1) inhibit phosphodiesterase
2) Block GABA-A receptors
3) Increase calcium release

41
Q

Acute cognitive effects of methylxanthines

A

arousal, alterness, wakeful, energy

concentration, reaction, dexterity

42
Q

Acute physiological effects of methylxanthines

A

decrease blood flow to brain
increased/decreased risk of migraines?

increase respiration
dilated airways
increased gastric secretions
diuresis

43
Q

Toxic effects of caffeine (500-1000 mg)

A

Anxiety, irritability, insomnia, fever, flushed

44
Q

Toxic effects of caffeine >1500 mg

A

paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, stereotypies

45
Q

Therapeutic uses of methylxanthines (caffine)

A

Headache, asthma, sleep apnea, narcolepsy

46
Q

Caffeine tolerance

A

increased adenosine receptors

47
Q

Caffeine dependence

A

physical: headache, fatigue, craving

Positive reinforcement: weak, increase dopamine in cortex

48
Q

Why is caffeine associated with lower risks of certain disease?

A

anti oxidants which are anti inflammatory

Psychopharmacology (16 decks)

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