EXAM 2- OBESITY

Question 1

How many men and women in US are obese?

Answer 1

32% men
35% women

Question 2

How many men and women in US are overweight and obese?

Answer 2

72% men
64% women

Question 3

What is considered overweight?

Answer 3

20% or more over ideal weight

Question 4

What is considered obese?

Answer 4

30% or more over ideal weight

Question 5

What is considered morbidly obese?

Answer 5

40% or more over ideal weight

Question 7

Where are 2 major areas of fat storage?

Answer 7

subdermal tissue (subcutaneous)
omentum (visceral)

Question 8

What are adipocytes?

Answer 8

metabolically active, secrete a wide variety of substances referred to as adipokines

Question 9

What are the adipokines?

Answer 9

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
interleukin-6 (IL-6)
angiotensinogen (AGT)
plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)
adiponectin
leptin
resistin

Question 10

What does adiponetin do?

Answer 10

enhances cellular sensitivity to insulin
exerts anti-inflammatory effects
protective against the formation of arteriosclerosis
GOOD adipokine

Question 11

What is the relationship between adiponectin and adiposity?

Answer 11

inverse relationship
lower adiposity = greater amount of adiponectin
greater adiposity = less amount of adiponectin

Question 12

What is leptin?

Answer 12

signals brain that the body has had enough to eat
obese = resistant
works with adiponectin to enhance cellular sensitivity to insulin, reduce TGs, and inhibit fat accumulation
GOOD adipokine

Question 13

What does resistin do?

Answer 13

cause insulin resistance, enhances hepatic glucose production, raises TGs, reduce HDL, cause early arteriosclerotic lesions
BAD adipokine

Question 14

What is angiotensinogen (AGT)?

Answer 14

adipose tissue - AGT - increased vascular tone
causes HTN and vascular changes of arteriosclerosis
BAD adipokine

Question 15

What does plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) do?

Answer 15

adipose tisse - PAI - blocks action of tPA
tPA = dissolves clots
Obesity - PAI & blocks fibrinolysis and increase susceptibility to clot formation

Question 16

Why does the great number of cells cause the greater risk of CVD?

Answer 16

adipose tissue secretion of adipokines, AGT, and PAI

Question 17

What is ghrelin and what does it do?

Answer 17

peptide secreted by stomach that stimulates hunger, regulates food intake, and stimulus growth hormone

Question 18

What are risk factors for obesity?

Answer 18

excess calorie intake vs output, sedentary behavior, poverty, culture, age, females, smoking, genetics, secondary disorders (Cushing’s)

Question 19

What are the obesity signs as cardio risk?

Answer 19

apple-shaped central obesity = CVD
a waist measurement that >35 inches in women or >40 inches in men = CVD

Question 20

What is the recommended % of body fat?

Answer 20

females = 30% or lower
males - 25% or lower

Question 21

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 21

weight (kg)/height (m^2)
weight (lbs)/height (in^2)

Question 22

ideal BMI

Answer 22

18.5 to 24.9

Question 23

overweight BMI

Answer 23

25-29.9

Question 24

morbid obesity BMI

Answer 24

30 or greater

Question 25

When should someone use drug therapy for obesity?

Answer 25

adjunct w diet and exercise for people with increased health risk (BMI >30) only after 6 months trial of diet and exercise

Question 26

Orlistat (Alli, Xenical)

Answer 26

FDA approved to promote and maintain weight loss

Question 27

MOA of orlistat

Answer 27

reduces absorption of fat 2 year weight loss = 19 lbs

Question 28

AE of orlistat

Answer 28

black box - liver injury GI symptoms (minimize by decreasing fat intake) must take w multivitamin

Question 29

semaglutide (Wegovy, Rybelsus)

Answer 29

peptide like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

Question 30

MOA of semaglutide

Answer 30

stimulates release of insulin, inhibits glucagon release, slow gastric emptying, decreases appetite

Question 31

Bariatric Surgery types

Answer 31

liposuction, gastric bypass, gastric banding

Question 32

The Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X)

Answer 32

DM 2, HTN, Low HDL, insulin resistance, fatty liver, high plasma TGs, hyperglycemia

Question 33

Metabolic Syndrome indicators

Answer 33

1) waist circumference >90/80 cm (m/f) 2) TG >150 3) HDL <40/50 (m/f) 4) BP >130/85 5) FPG >100 or w DM 2 MUST HAVE 3 of 5

Question 34

What can having metabolic syndrome do to someone?

Answer 34

increase risk for heart disease and stroke

Question 35

What is the treatment for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 35

weight loss, exercise, healthy diet, smoking cessation, medications for control