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Pharm II (Elise) > Exam 2 Pharm II > Flashcards

Exam 2 Pharm II Flashcards

1
Q

Why dont endectocides such as MCL not act on human gaba and glutamate receptors?

A

Drugs are not absorbed from the GI tract or they do not cross the BBB into the CNS

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2
Q

What is the MOA of Bromocriptine & Cabergoline

A

Dopamine agonist and inhibit prolactin –> luteolysis

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2
Q

In cattle, what is ivermectin effective against? How can it be administered?

A

Gastrointestinal roundworms
– Lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus)
– Cattle grubs (Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum)
– Suckling lice

– Mites or scabies (Psoroptes ovis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis)
–horn flies (Haematobia irritans) and biting lice

3 routes: ORAL INJECTABLE and POUR ON

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2
Q

What are the uses of Mirtazapine?

A

Antidepressant & Antiemetic & Appetite Stimulant (in Dogs)

  • A TCA that enhances noradrenergic and serotonergic activity by antagonizing central presynaptic a2‐ adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors
  • A potent antagonist of 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors
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2
Q

What toxicity are you concerned about for Chloramphenicol in owners that have to handle the drugs?

A

Bone marrow toxicity- can cause anemias and leukopenia

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3
Q

What do you call an aggregate of microorganisms in which the cells are embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (called ‘slime’) are adhered to each other and/or to a surface (surgical implants, catheters, bladder, teeth)

A

Biofilm!!

Pseudomonas likes to do this

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4
Q

What is Selamectin effective against?

A

REVOLUTION

  1. Prevents heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis)
  2. Ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) in dogs and cats
  3. Sarcoptic mange and ticks in dogs
  4. Kills adult fleas and prevents flea eggs from hatching for 1 month
  5. Treats intestinal hookworm and roundworm

TOPICAL, MONTHLY

OK in collies

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5
Q

Copper sulfate (5% or 2%) and sodium bicarbonate (10%) are used for what purpose in ruminants?

A

closure of the esophageal groove

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5
Q

Which of the following agents is used to induce ovulation in the mare?

a. estradiol
b. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
c. altrenogest
d. eCG (FSH)
e. hCG

A

hCG

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5
Q

What are the adverse effects of prolactin inhibitors/ergoline derivatives?

A

Vomiting, Anorexia, Depression, Behavior changes

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5
Q

Which of the following is the drug of choice (most commonly used) for induction of parturition in the mare?????

a. dexamethasone
b. oxytocin
c. PGF2à
d. ergonovine
e. bromocriptine

A

b. oxytocin

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5
Q

An anthelmintic drug approved in lactating dairy cattle is????

a. ivermectin
b. levamisole
c. albendazole
d. morantel
e. moxidectin

A

d. morantel (also fenbendazole, eprinomectin)

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5
Q

What drugs can you use to treat sarcocystis neurona (EPM) in horses?

A

Nitazoxanide (Navigator)
Ponazuril (Marquis)
Diclazuril (Protazil)

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5
Q

What are two opiod antidiarrheal drugs? What are their actions?

A

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and Loperamide (Immodium)**

Inhibit propulsive motility

increase segmental motility

decrease intestinal secretions

inhibit defecation reflex

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5
Q

Which antibiotic causes cartilage damage in growing dogs?

A

Fluoroquinolones

she also mentioned that it can cause blindness in cats

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5
Q

What is the difference b/w intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance?

A
  • Intrinsic resistance- the bacterium naturally does not posses the drugs target or does not exist in an environment that allows the antibiotic to work. The drug was never going to be effective.
    • Eg. Aminoglycosides require oxygen to work, they will not be effective against obligate anaerobes.
  • Acquires resistance - change of a normally susceptible bacteria to a resistant one. Occurs via:
    • chromosomal mutation
    • transfer of genes- (conjugation, transduction, transformation)
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6
Q

What can you give to a small animal to reduce the side effects of PGF2a? What kind of antagonism is this?

A

Atropine - physiological antagonism

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7
Q

A drug used in pseudopregnancy in the bitch by inhibiting prolactin through stimulation of dopamine receptors is???

a. mibolerone
b. bromocriptine
c. testosterone
d. megestrol acetate
e. dexamethasone

A

b. bromocriptine

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7
Q

What should you use to treat babesiosis in horses?

A

Imidocarb

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7
Q

What is Milbemycin Oxime effective against?

A

Used in dogs over 8 weeks of age for:
– Prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) for 30 days
– Hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum)
– Roundworm (Toxocara caninum)
– Whipworm (Trichuris vulpis)

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7
Q

What is pyrantel effective against in small animals, horses and swine?

A

Dogs/Cats- Ascarids, Hookworms (NOT whips)

Horses- Pinworms, roundowrms, strongyles, anoplocephala perfoliata

Swine- Ascaris suum and nodular worms

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8
Q

What drugs are used for contraception/supression of estrus in bitches and queens?

A

Megestrol acetate

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8
Q

Which Neurokinin antogonist blocks neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors thus preventing substance P from binding, resulting in an antiemetic effect?

A

Maropitant citrate (Cerenia)

Oral or injectable in dogs

Prevents acute vomiting due to motion sickness and may be effective in treating vomiting due to viral infections and anticancer chemotherapy

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8
Q

T/F: Beta-Blockers inhibit Renin

A

True

Inhibition of renin secretion= Angiotensin II, ADH, Hypertension, Increased reabsorption of sodium and Beta1‐Adrenergic blockers

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9
Q

A two-year-old bitch received estrogen for pregnancy termination. She developed signs of pyometra (a purulent vaginal discharge, anorexia, fever, depression, polyuria and polydipsia). Systemic bactericidal antibiotic therapy should be combined with

a. megesterol acetate
b. estradiol
c. hCG
d. PGF2a
e. eCG

A

PGF2a

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10
Q

What 3 things can you use to treat Rumen atony?

A
  1. Cholinergics - SQ to prevent systemic effect
    • Bthanechol ($$$), Neostigmine SQ
  2. Bitters- stimulates salivation to indirectly stimulate rumen motility
    • Ginger, capsicum, methyl salicylate
  3. Magnesium hydroxide = antacid, laxative and adsorbent
    • Mg is not absorbed and thus osmotically pulls water into the rumen. The increase water will sitimulate movement
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10
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely a therapeutic use of progestins??

a. contraception in small animals
b. ovarian follicular cysts in cattle
c. synchronization of estrus in large animals
d. growth promotion in cattle
e. behavioral problems in male cats

A

b. ovarian follicular cysts in cattle

which drug does this?

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11
Q

What is the main action of prostoglandin F2a?

A

Leuteolysis –> decrease serum progesterone

also stimulates uterine contraction secondary* to luteolysis

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12
Q

What is the drug of choic for treating toxoplasmosis in cats and dogs?

A

Clindamycin

ORAL

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13
Q

What is the MOA and use of Cisapride (Propulsid)?

A

MOA: 5-HT4/Serotonin agonist in enteric neurons

Use: prokinetic with no secretion for the entire GIT (including Colon and esophagus)

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14
Q

What anticestocidal is effective against anoplocephala, Taenia pisiformis, Diphyliddium and Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Praziquantel - acts on tegument

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15
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely an adverse effect of progestins????? (pick all that apply)

a. uterine prolapse
b. hyperglycemia
c. pyometra
d. inhibition/atropy of the adrenal cortex
e. mammary hyperplasia
f. decreased appetite

A

uterine prolapse and decrease appetite

progestins decrease uterine contractions and increase appetite

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15
Q

What does Ursodiol (Actigall) do? When is it contraindicated?

A

Choleretic (increase bile flow) and may have immune-modulating properties - use in chronic inflammatory liver disease in small animals (Cholangiohepatitis)

Contraindicated in bilary obstruction and may interfere with bile acid tests

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16
Q

What are uses of H2 Blockers?

A
  1. Peptic ulcer
  2. Gastric erosive disease
  3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  4. Duodenal ulcer
  5. Cimetidine is used in the treatment of equine melanoma (as immunomodulator)
  6. Ranitidine or nizatidine can be used as GI prokinetic
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17
Q

Which type of bovine ketosis responds to glucogon therapy?

A

Periparturient

(peak lactiation ketosis does not respond)

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17
Q

Infertility (inhibit GnRH), masculization, clitoral enlargement, aggression, sodium/water retention (aldosterole effects) and hepatotoxicity are all adverse effects of what drugs?

A

Androgens and Anabolic Steroids

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17
Q

What is the main adverse effect of progesterone drugs?

A

Pyometra/Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH)

Also: mammary gland enlargement and tumors, increased appetite, weight gain, letharfy, temperament changes, coat changes, hyperglycemia, and inhibition of the adrenal cortex, acromegly, delay parturition, masculinization of female fetuses

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17
Q

What does the non-mast cell pool or histamine consist of?

A

Continuous release from the lung, skin, GI mucosa and the CNS (hypothalamus)

Mast cell pool = mast cells and basophils

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18
Q
  • *Which of the following is used in induction of parturition and acts MAINLY by increasing estrogen and decreasing progesterone by the placenta???**
    a. oxytocin
    b. PG F2à
    c. glucocorticoids
    d. ergonovine
A

c. glucocorticoids

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19
Q

Which of the following anthelmintic drugs used in the horse is effective against stomach bot (Gasterophilus equi)?

a. oxibendazole
b. ivermectin
c. febantel
d. pyrantel
e. fenbendazole

A

b. ivermectin

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20
Q

Magnesium oxide ( oral antacids) or rumenotomy are used to treat what?

A

rumen acidosis

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21
Q

Which prostoglandin F2a is approved for use in a sow?

A

dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, Prostamate)

(also approved in cattle and mares)

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22
Q
  • *A prokinetic drug that blocks peripheral and central dopamine receptors at low doses is**
    a. cisapride
    b. metoclopramide
    c. erythromycin
    d. panthenol
    e. neostigmine
A

b. metoclopramide

At high doses it has anti-emetic effects by acting as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist

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23
Q

What drugs are used for PHARMACOLOGICAL EJACULATION IN STALLIONS?

A
  • TCA such as imipramine
  • Alpha2‐agonists such as xylazine
  • PGF2α
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24
Q

Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of anestrus (unobserved estrus in cows) with persistent corpus luteum???

a. PMSG
b. hCG
c. GnRH (Cystorelin)
d. Norgestomet-estradiol valerate
e. PGF2a (dinoprost tromethamine)

A

PGF2à (dinoprost tromethamine)

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24
Q

What antibiotic can cause CNS excitement?

A

Penicillin G procaine (mostly from the procaine)

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25
Q

Which Drug class inhibits the neuronal system by binding to GABA and/or Glutamate‐gated chloride (GluCl) channels cause hyperploarization which results in flaccid paralysis of the somatic muscles and the pharyngeal pump of both nematodes and arthropods?

A

Macrocyclic lactones (MLs/MCLs) =

  • Avermectins (Ivermectin, Eprinomectin, Doramectin, Selamectin)
  • Milbemycins (Milbemycin oxime, Moxidectin)

also inhibit egg production of parasites

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25
Q

What antibiotic can cause ototoxicity, leading to defness and/or vestibulocochlear injury

A

Aminoglycosides

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26
Q

What are the clinical uses of PGF2a in large animals?

A
  • Abortifiacient in cattle from day 7-150 of gestation
  • Induction of parturition in swine and cattle
  • Expulsion of mummified fetuses
  • treatment of pyometra
  • Synchronization of estus in cattle
  • Controlling estrus time in mares
  • Treatment of silent estrus and pyometra due to persistent CL in cattle
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26
Q

Which species is more prone to anaphylaxis or acute hypersensitivity with penicillins?

A

horses

Procaine can enhance

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27
Q
  • *Mechanism of action of finasteride is????**
    a. GnRH agonist
    b. GnRH antagonist
    c. androgen receptor antagonist
    d. inhibits testosterone synthesis
    e. inhibits 5 a-reductase
A

e. inhibits 5 a-reductase

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27
Q

An anthelmintic drug used in dogs against hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum), ascarids (Toxocara canis), whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) and prevention of heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) is:

a. diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
b. ivermectin
c. milbemycin oxime
d. piperazine
e. febantel

A

c. milbemycin oxime

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28
Q

Which of the following drugs is a potent antiemetic and enhances GI motility by that blocking peripheral and central dopamine??

a. chlorpromazine
b. prochlorperazine
c. scopolamine
d. bethanechol
e. metoclopramide

A

e. metoclopramide

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28
Q

What drugs are used in growth promoter implatants for feedlot heifers and steers?

A

testosterone‐estradiol, trenbolone

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28
Q

What are the major adverse effects of estrogens?

A
  • Ovarian suppression followed by follicular cysts
  • Vaginal or uterine prolapse or abortion
  • Aplastic anemia and leukopenia (bone marrow suppression) in small animals
  • Bone fractures (too much or too little)
  • Feminization in the male
  • Pyometra if used in mismating in small animals
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28
Q

What is the drug of first choice for treating giardiasis? what is its MOA?

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

MOA: inhibit nucleuic acid synthesis - requires anaerobic conditions

Second line of defense= Benzimidazoles (Albendazole, Fenbendazole)

Also can use: Quinacrine & Furazolidone

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29
Q
  • *Ivermectin in cattle** is active against all of the following parasites EXCEPT
    a. cattle grubs (Hypoderma bovis)
    b. nematodes of the GI
    c. nematodes of the lung (Dictyocaulus viviparus)
    d. liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica)
    e. mange mites
A

d. liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica)

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30
Q

What are the main difference b/w 1st generation and 2nd generation antihistamines (H1 antagonist)?

A

Second generation does not cross the BBB (=non-drowsy) and are longer lasting

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31
Q

What are the clinical uses of PGF2a in small animals?

A

Uterine infections

Mismating in bitch

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32
Q

Psyllium (Metamucil®), wheat bran & prunes are considered what kind of laxatives?

A

Simple bulk laxatives

Gently Absorb water and swell, reflexively stimulate GI movement

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33
Q

What Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is approved for seperation anxiety in dogs ?

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Also used for other behavior disorders (aggression, OCD, anxiety, urine marking)

SIDE EFFECTS: Nausea, anorexia, anxiety, irritability, sleep disturbances

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35
Q

What 3 drugs can you use to treat trichomoniasis? What are there indications/contraindication?

A
  1. Metronidazole (dogs, horses)- mitogenic and carcninogenic so due not use in food cattle due to residues
  2. Clioquinol- Used for diarrhea in horses due to Trichomonas, bacteria and yeasts
  3. Carnidazole- Used against Trichomonas columbae (pigeon canker) in pigeons not intended for human consumption
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35
Q

What is the use and MOA of Lantanoprost (Xalatan) /Travoprost (Travatan) /Bimatoprost (Lumigan)?

A

MOA: PG agonists that increase uveoscleral outflow by stimulating FP receptors in the eye

Use: topically on the eye in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

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37
Q

How is Polymyxin typically administered?

(oral, IV, SQ, IM, or Topical)

A

Usually Topical

Polymyxin distrupts the cell membrane

It a narrow therapeutic index

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37
Q

What is the difference b/w Metaphalaxis and Prophalaxis?

A
  • Metaphylaxis
    • Full doses to kill/inhibit pathogens in groups of healthy animals exposed to a pathogen (e.g. BRD)
  • Prophylaxis
    • Full or Low doses to healthy animals to prevent disease
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38
Q

What is the MOA of Polymyxins?

A

Cell Membrane inhibitors = Cationic detergent

Topical!

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39
Q

What are the treatment options for pseudopregnancy in the bitch?

A
  • –No treatment (DO NOTdo OVH when CS present)
  • –Sedatives (not dopamine antagonists)
  • –Water deprivation or furosemide
  • –Androgens or estrogens (Testosterone cypionate, Mibolerone, DES)
  • –Dopamine agonists (Bromocriptine, Cabergoline)
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41
Q

A surfactant agent that is used in the treatment and prevention of bloat in ruminants is

a. magnesium hydroxide
b. capsicum
c. poloxalene
d. copper sulfate
e. sodium bicarbonate

A

c. poloxalene

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42
Q

What is the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis of reproduction?

A
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43
Q

What drug is used to produce “teaser” cows?

A

Androgens (testosterone, trenbolone, mibolerone)

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43
Q

Phosphate containing enemas should NOT be used in ______

A

Cats

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44
Q

Which anticoccidial is approved in goats?

A

Ionophores - lasalocid

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44
Q

Name three oral antacids. What is their MOA?

A

Aluminum, magnesium and calcium salts

  • MOA: Chemically neutralize hydrochloric acid
    • Aluminum hydroxide inactivates pepsin and binds to bile salts and may stimulate PG
    • Also binds phosphorus
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46
Q

What are the clinical uses of Bromocriptine & Cabergoline?

A

Mismating in the bitch and queen (inhibition of prolactin results in decrease in progesterone and abortion)
– Pseudopregnancy in the bitch or queen

Cabergoline is more effective and has fewer side effects than bromocriptine

Both are PROLACTIN INHIBITORS (ERGOLINE DERIVATIVES)

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47
Q

Which of the following drugs blocks H1-receptors and 5-HT receptors?

a. terfenadine
b. diphenhydramine
c. meclizine
d. cyproheptadine
e. prednisolone

A

d. cyproheptadine

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47
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis are usually bacteri-______

(-ostatic or -cidal)

A

Bacteriostatic

——————————————

Includes: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol

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48
Q

T/F: Estrogens induce ovulation in the bitch

A

False- E induces estrus WITHOUT ovulation

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49
Q

Which of the following agents is used as antibloat in ruminants by reducing surface tension causing release of gas from rumen fluid?????

a. milk of magnesia
b. tetracycline
c. neostigmine
d. poloxalene
e. activated charcoal

A

d. poloxalene (therabloat)

Can also use docusate sodium (DOSS), veg oil, mineral oil

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50
Q

What do you use to treat follicular cysts in cattle and bitches?

A

hCG/LH

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51
Q

What 2 drugs can be used to treat Fasciola hepatica in cattle?

A
  1. Clorsulon - late larvae and adult fluke
  2. Albendazole- adult fluke, as well as monezia and GI & lung nematodes
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52
Q

What type of antibiotics are most effective when a high level of the drug is reached, often above a certain absolute cut-off?

A

Concentration dependent

The concentration does not need to be maintained for any certain duration.

May have a Post-Antibiotic Effect

Focus on peak concentration: Cmax / MIC > 8-12

Ex. Aminoglycosides

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53
Q

What drug is approved in lactating dairy cattle (with no milk withdrawal) and goats for GI nematodes?

A

Morantel(Nematel)

other drugs approved in goats= Lasolocid (ionophore anticoccidials)

other drugs approved in lactating cow= Eprinomectin & Fenbendazole

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55
Q

Which of the following antiulcer drugs should NOT be used in pregnant animals?

a. aluminum hydroxide
b. misoprostol
c. omeprazole
d. cimetidine
e. sucralfate

A

b. misoprostol

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57
Q

What are the major effects of H1?

A
  1. Contraction of the smooth muscles of the GI, bronchioles, uterus and large blood vessels
  2. Vasodilation of capillaries, arterioles and venules then contraction leading to increased permeability, edema, hypotension and hypovolemic shock
  3. Stimulates exocrine secretions
  4. Positive inotropic effect
  5. CNS stimulation
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58
Q

These are all examples of what?

  • Drug does not reach target site
  • Drig is inactivated
  • Target it changes
A

Causes of drug resistance

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59
Q

What are the side effects of using somatotropin?

A
  • LA- increase mastitis
  • SA- diabetes m & hypersensitivity
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60
Q

What can you use to induce ovulation in a mare and cat?

A

hCG/LH

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61
Q

What is used as a Antagonists to androgens in prostate hypertrophy and tumors, and anal adenoma?

A

Estrogens

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61
Q

What 3 drugs induce the release of histamine?

A

Morphine, polymyxin, & castor oil

Avoid IV

63
Q
  • *The use of vinegar 5% orally in urea poisoning in cattle is mainly based on??**
    a. stimulating the liver to metabolize the absorbed ammonia
    b. stimulating rumen microflora that inactivates urea
    c. antagonizing the changes in acid-base balance due to ammonia
    d. inhibiting urease and decreasing absorption of ammonia from the rumen
    e. antagonizing colic and convulsive seizures produced by urea and ammonia
A

d. inhibiting urease and decreasing absorption of ammonia from the rumen

63
Q

What drugs are used to induce superovulation in cattle?

A

FSH w/ PGF2a

63
Q

What are the adverse effects of PGF2a in horses? cows?

A

horses= sweating and colic

cows= NONE!!!!!

64
Q

What should Vancomycin be reserved for?

A

Multiresistant human infection

“Big gun”

66
Q

When glucose is unavailable, what is the fate of NEFA in the liver?

A

Conversion of NEFA to keotne bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, Beta‐
hydroxybutyrate)

67
Q

What PGF2a can you use in cows?

A

dinoprost tromethamine

Cloprostenol

Fenprostalene

68
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat amebiasis? How will this change if the animal is pregnant?

A

Metronidazole - DO NOT USE IN PREGNANCY

Use Furazolidone in pregnant animals

69
Q

What three drugs can be used to treat cryptosoridiosis?

A

– Paromomycin (Humatin)
– Azithromycin (Zithromax)
– Nitazoxanide (Navigator)

70
Q

When is the opiod antidiarrheal drug Loperamide (immodium) contraindicated?

A
  • MDR1/ABCB1 mutants (unable to keep drug out of BBB)
  • diarrhea caused by bacterial infections (high risk of the bacteria going systemic)
71
Q

What progesterone drugs can you use for Behavioral problems and urination in male cats?

A

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
Medroxyprogesterone acetate

72
Q

What kind of drug are the following:

Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine

A

H2 Blockers

74
Q

T/F: Sulfonamides can be used to only prevent coccidiosis

A

False!- They both treat and prevent cocidioss

75
Q

T/F: Aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic. They are pinocytosed into the renal tubular epithelial cells and cause damage

A

TRUE- REMEBER THIS!!!!!

Polmyxins, tetracycin and sulfonamides are also rare causes of nephrotoxicity.

76
Q

Mineral oil, Laxatone® & Felilax® are considered _______ laxatives

A

Emollient

Act as mechanical surfactants or lubricants/stool softeners

77
Q

What can be used to correct systemic acidoisis in rumen acidosis cases?

A

sodium bicarbonate IV

78
Q

The drug of choice for induction of abortion early in pregnancy and expulsion of mummified fetus in cattle is?

A

PGF2a

79
Q

What is unique about the MOA of Ranitidine and Nizatidine?

A

have cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and thus stimulating gastrointestinal motility in canines

81
Q

Eprinomectin is approved in what animals?

A

Pour on in beef and lactating dairy cattle

83
Q

T/F: A narrow spectrum drug will exert more selection pressure on non-target organisms

A

FALSE: narrow spectrum drug will exert less selection pressure on non-target organisms

84
Q

In what species is Doperidone used in?

A

Equines - it is a dopamine antagonist with lower CNS penetration (compared to metoclopramide)

85
Q

What is used for estrus supression in dogs?

A

Mibolerone, testosterone

86
Q

How do you treat bovine ketosis?

A
  • Glucose 50% IV bolus (or other sugar = fructose, sorbitol)
  • Parenteral Glucocorticoids- dexamethasone, isoflupredone
  • Insulin & glucocorticoids
  • Oral Glucose precursors -
    • propylene glycol, ammonium lactate
    • sodium proprionate in ration
87
Q

Can you decolonize non-clinical carriers of MRSP?

A

propably not

89
Q

Which of the following is used for induction of ovulation in the mare???

a. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. estradiol
c. deslorelin acetate (ovuplant - GnRH)
d. dinoprost tormethamine
e. altrenogest

A

deslorelin acetate (ovuplant - GnRH)

90
Q

What part of the GI tract does Cisapride work on?

A

Colon and esophagus -– as well as all parts on the GIT

only available through compounding, better to use metoclopramide, unless you want to specifically target the colon or esophagus

92
Q

What drug classes of antibiotics inhibit DNA/RNA/Nucleic acid synthesis?

A
  1. Sulfonamides & dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Nitroimidazoles- Metronidazole
  4. Nitrofurans
  5. Rifampin
  6. Novobiocin
93
Q

What is the MOA of Sucralfate (Carafate)?

A
  • Binds to the ulcer site and protects it against acid, pepsin and bile
    • Requires an acidic environment to bind to mucosa!
  • May also stimulate protective PGs and antioxidants and increase mucosal blood flow.
94
Q

What drugs can you use to induce closure of the esophageal groove?

A
  • *Copper sulfate** (5% in calves and 2% in lambs)
  • *Sodium bicarbonate 10%** in calves (100‐250 mL)

Both oral

short duration (seconds to minutes)

copper sulfate is a heavy metal and lambs are sensitive to toxicity

Used to ensure that drugs bypass the rumen in order to increase rate of absorption and prevent altering of/by rumen micorbes

95
Q

Poloxalene (Therabloat) and Docusate sodium (DOSS) are used to treat what disease? What is their MOA?

A

Rumen Bloat

MOA: surfactants that reduce surface tension to cause the release of gas from the rumen fluid

Can also use vegetable oil and mineral oil

Bloat can be lethal due to cardiovascular collapse

97
Q

What drugs should you use to induce parturition in cows? mare? sow? small animal?

A
  • Cow- Glucocorticoids (dexamethosone) and maybe PGF2a
  • Mare- oxytocin- cervix must be open
    • open cervix via DES or estrodiol cypionate 12-24 hours before oxytocin
  • Sow- PGF2a and oxytocin
  • Small Animals- oxytocin
98
Q

Which 3 drugs are depolarizing NM blockers?

A

Levamisole, pyrantel, morantel

99
Q

What is the MOA of Dichlorvos?

A

Irreversible Cholinesterase inhibitors

Organophosphate approved in swine, dogs and cats

Used mainly as a anti-nematodes

Swine= GI nematodes
dogs = Roundworms, hookworms and whipworms

Cats = Roundworms and hookworms (Ancylostoma
tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala)

100
Q

What are the MOA of GI protectant/Adsorbents?

A

Coat the GI mucosa or physically bind to toxic compouds in lumen

Include:

  • Mg trisilicate (Gaviscon®)
  • Hydrated Al silicate (Kaolin) and Pectin
  • Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol®) -turn stool dark/black
  • Activated charcoal (+/- sorbitol cathartic)
  • Cholestyramine
  • Calcium carbonate (binds bile acids and endotoxins)
102
Q

What is used to stimulate follicular growth in anestrous animals ?

A

FSH/eCG

102
Q

Mg Salts (Milk of Magnesia), Sodium sulfate (Glauber’s salt), sugar alcohols (sorbitol), polyethylene glycols (Miralax®, GoLYTLELY®), lactulose are all what kind of laxatives/cathartics?

A

Osmotic Cathartics

Nonabsorbed particles that attract water into the GI lumen

Can cause electrolyte imbalances

103
Q

What adulticidal therapy is used in canine heartworm Dz?

A

Melarsomine (Immiticide) - IM

104
Q

What type of antibiotics are most effective when the level of drug remains above a certain cut-off for a significant portion of the day?

Time or Concentration Dependent

A

Time Dependent

T > MIC is greater than 40-50% of the dose interval
To be effective the recommended dosing interval MUST be followed.
Ex. Penicillins and amphenicols

106
Q

Oral administration of which of the following is used to induce closure of the esophageal groove in cattle less than 2 years of age?

a. vinegar (acetic acid 5%)
b. magnesium sulfate solution 1%
c. sodium bicarbonate solution (or copper sulfate 5%)
d. zinc sulfate solution
e. mineral oil

A

c. sodium bicarbonate solution (or copper sulfate 5%)

lambs= 2% copper sulfate

short duration of action

oral

108
Q

What antiparasitic drugs damage membrane integrity of parasites by releasing Ca from parasite muscle cell stores –> ionic changes?

A

Praziquantel and epsiprantel = Anti-cestode

109
Q

Which of the following is used orally for prevention of bovine ketosis???????

a. sodium chloride
b. sodium bicarbonate
c. copper sulfate
d. sodium butyrate
e. propylene glycol

A

e. propylene glycol

111
Q

What is the treatment for benign prostate hypertrophy in dogs?

A
  • Castration
  • Megesterol acetate (not more than 32 days) - Inhibits gonadotropins (feedback)
  • Finasteride- Inhibits the enzyme 5 a‐reductase in the prostate which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostate hypertrophy)
  • GnRH antagonists
  • Large doses of GnRH agonists - feedback
112
Q

What drug is used for (1) Expulsion of the placenta, (2) Expulsion of eggs in birds and reptiles and (3) Decrease post‐partum bleeding?

A

Oxytocin

—also used to induce parturition in mares and bitch and for milk let down

114
Q

What happens if you give Sodium Bicarbonate orally?

A

Gastric distention

Systemic antacids with short duration and causes sytemic alkalosis and liberates CO2

115
Q

A 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is effective against anticancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is

a. dimenhydrinate
b. diphenhydramine
c. ondansetron
d. scopolamine

A

c. ondansetron (Zofran)

116
Q

What is the treatment of aglactica?

A

Dopamine antagonists such as phenothiazines, metoclopramide, and domperidone stimulate prolactin secretion and milk production

118
Q

Used in the treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog by inhibiting 5 à-reductase is???

a. testosterone
b. cabergoline
c. bromocriptine
d. finasteride
e. ergonovine

A

d. finasteride

119
Q

T/F: Dogs infected with MRSA will generally clear themselves of the bacteria within a few weeks if they are removed from the human carrier

A

True

120
Q

Which H2 Blocker inhibits the cytochrome p450 system,
reducing the clearance of other drugs?

A

Cimetidine

121
Q

Which of the following is used for induction of ovulation in the mare???

a. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. estradiol
c. deslorelin acetate (ovuplant)
d. dinoprost tormethamine
e. altrenogest

A

c. deslorelin acetate (ovuplant) - GnRH

…or LH

123
Q

What are the natural sources of Testosterone?

A

Interstitial/Leydig cells

Horses= seminiferous tubules and epidiymis

125
Q

The abortifacient of choice in cows during the first 150 days of gestation is???

a. Dexamethasone
b. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
c. PGF2à
d. Estradiol esters
e. Oxytocin

A

c. PGF2à

126
Q

What are the differences b/w the imidathiazoles; febantel and levamisole?

A
  • Febantel - probenzimidazole, wide safety margin
    • approved in horses, dogs, and cats
    • broad spectum
  • Levamisole- narrow safety margin
    • approved in cattle, sheep and swine
    • acts agains GI roundworms and lung worms
    • Administered orally, Sub-Q and TOPICALLY
127
Q

What are the uses of Metoclopramide?

A

Anti-emetic

Prokinetic - gastric molitity, peristalsis, improve transit time

Increase LES pressure

Relaces pyloric sphincter

Contraindicated in GI obstruction or bleeding

128
Q

What are the clinical uses of SOMATOTROPIN (GROWTH HORMONE, GH)

A

Large animals- increase milk production & enhancing growth

Small animals- pituitary dwarfism in dogs & GH‐responsive dermatosis

129
Q

What kind of laxatives/cathartics are Castor oil, phenophthalein, and bisacodyl (Dulcolax®)?

A

Irritant cathartics

Irritate the GI mucosa to stimulate motility and secretion

131
Q

What is the MOA of these drug classes: Tetracyclines, Amphenicols, Macrolides / Lincosamides & Aminoglycosides

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

133
Q

T/F: Doxycycline and azithromycin are most effective when the total body exposure to the drug (as estimated by the AUC) is greater.
AUC/MIC > 125 (?)

A

True

134
Q

What is the MOA of Cimetidine?

A

Competative antagonist of H2 receptor

Has immunomodulatory effects, including suppressor T cells and
enhancing cell-mediated immunity
Has been looked at as a anti-neoplastic in equine melanoma treatment

135
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely a therapeutic use of androgens?

a. contraception in the bitch
b. growth promotion in cattle
c. alopecia in castrated dogs
d. pseudopregnancy in the bitch
e. decreased libido in male dogs and cats

A

e. decreased libido in male dogs and cats

136
Q

Drug of choice for induction of parturition in mare and bitch and indiction of milk let-down?

A

oxytocin

137
Q

Which of the following drugs have NO prokinetic activity? (Boots said it is a great question…)

  1. Ranitidine
  2. Nizatidine
  3. Cimetidine
  4. Famotidine
A

Cimetidine & Famotidine

139
Q

Which of the following agents is approved in cattle to increase milk production?????

a. anabolic steroids
b. oxytocin
c. bovine somatotropin (BST)
d. thyroid preparations
e. dihydrotachysterol (DHT)

A

bovine somatotropin (BST)

140
Q

Which is more effective:

(1) Give large dose of Aminoglycosides SID
(2) Give half dose of Aminoglycosides BID

A

(1) Give large dose of Aminoglycosides SID

Aminoglycosides are considered dose dependent

One large dose also lead to LESS nephrotoxicity

142
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used in cattle for

a. induction of estrus
b. induction of parturition
c. estrus synchronization
d. ovarian follicular cysts
e. induction of abortion

A

ovarian follicular cysts

143
Q

What three antibiotic can cause neuromusclular blockage when combining with other drugs, as in anesthetic protocols using NMBs?

A

Aminoglycosides, polymyxins, tetracyclines

144
Q

Administration of which of the following hormones is MOST likely to cause aplastic anemia in small animals?

a. progestins
b. anabolic steroids
c. estrogens
d. androgens
e. prostaglandins

A

estrogens –> causes bone marrow suppresion

145
Q

What local anesthetic is used in humans and horses for post-operative ileus (mechanism unknown)?

A

Lidocaine

146
Q
  • *Which of the following drug protocols is LEAST likely to be recommended for termination of pregnancy in the bitch???**
    a. prostaglandinF2à
    b. bromocriptine
    c. a combination of prostaglandinF2à and bromocriptine
    d. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
A

d. diethylstilbestrol (DES)

147
Q

What is the MOA of Piperazine?

A

Competative NM blocker

Treats large ROUNDWORMS only

Approved in chickens and turkeys, swine, horses, dogs and cats

swine – Nodular worms
Horses – Large roundworms, strongyles and pinworms

Dogs and cats – Large roundworms

149
Q

What drug is used for “Old dog” Vestibular disease?

A

Meclizine- H1 Antagonist

150
Q

Follicular cysts in cows can be treated with

a. hCG
b. FSH
c. eCG
d. estradiol
e. dinoprost tromethamine

A

a. hCG

150
Q
  • *Albendazole in cattle** is active against all of the following parasites EXCEPT??
    a. nematodes of the GI tract
    b. nematodes of the lung
    c. cestodes (Moniezia spp.)
    d. adult liver fluke (Fasciola spp.)
    e. cattle grubs (Hypoderma bovis)
A

e. cattle grubs (Hypoderma bovis)

151
Q

Which of the following protocols for management of mismating in the bitch is NOT recommended because of serious adverse effects?

a. estrogens
b. PGF2à
c. bromocriptine
d. PGF2à -bromocriptine

A

a. estrogen —> pyometra

152
Q

What is the use/MOA of Lactulose?

A

Use: Hepatic encephalopathy management in liver Dz

MOA: Ion traps ammonia in the colonic lumen and enhances the removal from the body

153
Q

What is the MOA and action of Aminopentamide (Centrine)?

A

Block muscarinic receptors in the GIT to inhibit motility and secretions. Usually labeled as antispasmodics or spasmolytics.

Contraindicated in horses &inhibiting motility may worsen some cases

154
Q

Which 4 drug types inhibit histamine release?

A
  1. Catecholamines - Epinephrine
  2. Cromolyn sodium- Intal® a mast cell stabilizer
  3. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors- Methylxanthines –> Aminophylline
  4. Glucocorticoids- Reduce IgE mediated histamine release from mast cells
156
Q

T/F: Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis work better in combination with drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

FALSE

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis may be antagonized by antibiotic drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis require actively dividing bacteria in order to work

157
Q

Which of the following drugs would you use to treat GI hypomotility disorders?

a. loperamide
b. sucralfate
c. docusate
d. cisapride
e. glycopyrrolate

A

d. cisapride

MOA: 5-HT4/Serotonin agonist in enteric neurons —> prokinetic with no secretion

Autocoid

158
Q

Why do you give the following drugs in rumen acidosis?

Fluids

Glucocorticoids

Activated Charcoal

Oral Antibiotics

Antihistamines

Thiamine/ Brewers Yeast

A
  • Fluids- correct dehydration
  • Glucocorticoids (dexamethosome) - shock
  • Activated Charcoal- inactivate endotoxins
  • Oral Antibiotics- inhibit lactic acid production by lactobacillus
  • Antihistamines- prevent laminitis (induced by glucocorticoids)
  • Thiamine/ Brewers Yeast= promote lactic acid metabolism
159
Q

T/F: Penicillins and amphenicols are concentration dependent (Cmax / MIC > 8-12)

A

False! They are time dependent

T > MIC is greater than 40-50% of the dose interval

161
Q

T/F: FSH is used to treat crytorchidism in some dogs

A

FALSE- LH/hGC

surgery is more common and effective

163
Q

What drugs can be used for microfilaricidal therapy in dogs?

A

Ivermectin
Milbemycin- OK in collies

164
Q

In what animals can you use Fenbendazole (Panicur)?

A

Approved in dogs, horses, swine and cattle including lactating dairy cattle

NOT cats

  • Dogs= Ascarids, Hookworms, Whipworm and Taenia cestodes
  • Horses= anti-nematodal
  • Cattle= GI roundworms, lungworms, Moniezia
166
Q

What is Moxidectin effective against?

A
  • Used as pour‐on (Cydectin) for internal and external parasite control in cattle (Including lactating dairy)
  • Used orally in horses (Quest) for broad‐spectrum antinematodal activity
  • Used orally and parenterally in dogs for prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) = Proheart
168
Q

What is the MOA of acetic acid or vinegar 5% with large amount of cold water in Urea poisening?

A

Inhibits conversion of urea –> ammonia by

  • Changing the pH- prevents enzyme activity (enzyme prefers alkaline environment) and makes ammonia ionized (will not be absorbed)
  • Lowers rumen temperature - inhibits enzyme activity
  • Dilute ammonia
169
Q

What drugs can you use to induce abortion in cows from month 5-8?

A

A combination of PGF2a and dexamethasone

170
Q

What drug classes inhibit the cell wall?

A
  1. β-lactam antibiotics- bacterialcidal
    • Penicillins (e.g. Ampicillin)
    • Cephalosporins (e.g. Cephalexin)
    • Carbapenems and monobactams (e.g. Imipenem, Meropenem)
    • β-lactamase inhibitors - Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam
      • combined with B-lactams
  2. Glycopeptides- vancomycin
  3. Bacitracin
171
Q

Which antimicrobial, at low doses, is a prokinetic via binding with motilin receptors in GI smooth muscles to stimulate peristalsis?

A

Erythromycin

173
Q

What 4 drugs are used for heartworm prevention?

A

–Ivermectin (heartgaurd)
–Milbemycin oxime (interceptor)
–Moxidectin
–Selamectin

175
Q

What drugs can you give to animals with exocrine pancreaticindufficiency (EPI)?

A

Viokase® >>Pancreazyme® >> raw pancreas

In order of efficacy and cost, virokase being the highest

Can use H2 blockers (Famotidine) to improve efficacy in patients that tend to break down the enzymes in the gut

176
Q

What drug do you use to treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers? What is its MOA?

A

Prostaglandin E1 analog – Misoprostol (Cytotec®) - oral

Inhibit cAMP resulting in decreased protein kinase activity and hydrogen ion concentration

less potent than H2 blockers or PPI

Increases mucus and sodium bicarbonate secretion, stimulates epithelialization of the mucosa and mucosal blood flow resulting in ulcer healing (COX-1).

178
Q

What drug is given orally as an anti-ulcer drug?

A

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

A synthetic prostaglandin E1 that causes GI cytoprotection and decreases acid secretion

179
Q

What drugs inhibit parasites energy metabolism by binding tubulin of parasite microtubules–> disrupting cell division

A

Benzimidazoles

180
Q

Which of the following hormonal preparations is LEAST likely to be used as implants for growth promotion in farm animals?

a. testosterone
b. estradiol
c. trenbolone
d. zeranol
e. boldenone

A

e. boldenone

182
Q

What are the clinical used of GnRH in large animals?

A
  • Follicular cyst (also in bitches)
  • Boosting luteal formation
  • Deslorelin acetate (ovuplant) is used to induce ovulation in mares and cattle
183
Q

Which drugs are angiotensin II antagonist?

A
  • ACE inhibitors (Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril)
  • Angiotensin II ‐receptor antagonists (Losartan
184
Q
  • *Ponazuril (Marquis)** is indicated for the treatment of
    a. Giardiasis
    b. Babesiosis
    c. Equine protozoal myeloencephalistis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystic nuerona
    d. Trichomoniasis
A

c. Equine protozoal myeloencephalistis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystic nuerona

185
Q

What type of antibiotic MOA can possible interfere with mammalian DNA and are potentially carcinogenic?

A

Antibiotic that inhibit DNA synthesis/functions

Includes: Potentiated sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, nitromidazoles, griseofulvin

186
Q

Which of the following drugs is indicated for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalistis caused by Sarcocystis neurona in the horse??

a. imidocarb
b. metronidazole
c. clioquinol
d. ponazuril
e. furazolidone

A

d. ponazuril

187
Q

T/F: Estrogen is the drug of choice for mismating in dogs and cats

A

FALSE- it is not recommended due to pyometra and other side effects

188
Q

What drug is given to stimulate testosterone secretion to diagnose the presence of a testicle?

A

hCG/LH

188
Q

A hormone approved in sheep & Cattle for growth promotion is

a. testosterone
b. estradiol
c. zeranol
d. norgestomet
e. trenbolone

A

zeranol

189
Q
  • *The INITIAL action of glucocorticoids in induction of parturition is:**
  • *a.** luteolysis
  • *b.** stimulating the release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary
  • *c.** stimulating sharp increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone by the placenta
  • *d.** stimulating PGF2à release by the endometrium
  • *e.** direct contraction of the myometrium and softening of the cervix
A

c. stimulating sharp increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone by the placenta

190
Q

What is the drug of choice for expulsion of mummified fetuses in large animals?

A

PGF2a

192
Q

Which PGF2a is only approved in mares?

A

Fluprostenol

193
Q

Staph. pseudointermedius (MRSP) is a normal commensals of what species?

A

canine

Risk of infecting immunocompromised patient

S. aureus are normal commensals of humans

194
Q

Which of the following drugs stimulates appetite by inhibiting the satiety center in cats by inhibiting serotonin??

a. stanozolol
b. prednisone
c. cyproheptadine
d. B-complex vitamin
e. megesterol

A

c. cyproheptadine (Periactin)

Blocks serotonin receptors

Also used as antihistamine (block H1-receptors) and treatment of serotonin syndrome in dogs and cats

CROSSES BBB –> sedative effects

195
Q

What is the MOA of Omeprazole/ Pantoprazole/ Lansoprazole?

A

Proton Pumps Inhibitors (PPI) - Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+/ATPase proton pump resulting in decreased hydrochloric acid production

More potent than the H2-blocker class
Raise gastric pH

Omeprazole (prilisec/Gastrogard)- oral only, equine

Pantoprazole (Protonix) and Lansoprazole (Prevacid)- injectable

197
Q

What are the major effects of H2?

A
  1. Gastric acid secretion
  2. Positive inotropic effect and increased heart rate(?)
198
Q

Which antibiotics MOA require actively dividing bacteria and have a low toxicity?

A

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

200
Q

Hypoglycemia, Hyperketonemia, Ketonuria and high NEFA are the clinical pathology of what disease?

A

Bovine Ketoisis

201
Q

What drugs inhibit uterine contractions?

A

Tocolytics- ß2‐agonists (e.g., terbutaline, ritodrine), Magnesium sulfate & Inhalation anesthetics

202
Q
  • *Mechanism of action of ondansetron is??**
    a. competitive antagonism of H1 receptors
    b. competitive antagonism of H2 receptors
    c. blocking 5-HT3 receptors
    d. serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor
    e. inhibition of leukotrienes
A

c. blocking 5-HT3 receptors

Use: Prevention and treatment of anticancer chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting

203
Q

Administration of which of the following drugs during pregnancy is MOST likely to cause delayed parturition because it inhibits prostaglandins?

a. bethanechol
b. furosemide
c. aspirin
d. magnesium oxide
e. aluminum hydroxide

A

c. aspirin

204
Q

All of the following antiparasitic drugs can be use in prevention of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs EXCEPT??

a. diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
b. ivermectin
c. milbemycin
d. moxidectin

e. praziquantel

A

e. praziquantel

205
Q

Which anticoccidial prevents coccidiosis by targeting A 4‐hydroxyquinoline derivative that inhibits mitochondrial electron transport in coccidia?

A

Decoquinate

206
Q

What is the route of administration of LH & FSH?

A

Parenteral- they are small proteins

207
Q

In swine, what is ivermectin effective against? How can it be administered?

A

–Gastrointestinal roundworms
–Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp.)
–Lice
–Mange mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var.suis)

ORAL or INJECTION

208
Q

Which of the following anthelmintics is effective against the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata in equines?

a. ivermectin
b. moxidectin
c. fenbendazole
d. praziquantel
e. oxibendazole

A

d. praziquantel

209
Q

What drugs can be used for estrus suppression and synchronization in cattle and mares?

A

progesterone CIDR & norgestomet for cattle

Altrenogest in mares

210
Q

Which progesterones are used for growth promoters in cattle?

A

Progesterone‐estradiol benzoate
Melengesterol

211
Q

What are the clinical difference b/w GnRH and LH?

A

Both have the same clincal effects BUT…

GnRH is smaller/shorter- thus less antigenic

GnRH has a shorter duration

212
Q

What is the MOA and uses of Metoclopramide (Reglan)?

A

5‐HT3 receptor antagonist at HIGH doses = anti-emetic
D1 and D2 receptor antagonist at LOW doses = prokinetic

213
Q

In horses, what is ivermectin (Eqvalan) effective against?

A

– Gastrointestinal roundworms
– Lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi)
– Bots (Gasterophilus spp.)

ORAL ONLY

214
Q

what combo of drugs is used to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts?

A

FSH/hCG

215
Q

What are the clinical uses of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Improving athletic performance in horses
  • Cachexia and debilitating diseases
  • During tissue repair
  • Nonspecific adjunctive therapy in the treatment of anemia in small animals (now use EPO)
  • Appetite stimulants (indirect via metabolism)
216
Q

Should you give antibiotics (ie ampicillin, lincomycin, and clindamycin) orally to rabbits?

A

NOPE- distrupts normal flors and can be life threatening

217
Q

Which anticoccidial prevents cocidiosis by inhibiting thiamine transport and is approved in laying birds?

A

Amprolium

218
Q

Which of the following anthelmintics used in cattle is effective against adult liver flukes, nematodes of the GI and lung and tapeworms?

a. ivermectin
b. doramectin
c. albendazole
d. levamisole
e. morantel

A

c. albendazole

219
Q

What drug is used for chemical castration in dogs?

A

Zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine (Neutersol)

220
Q

Which drugs MOA is: Activating G‐protein coupled receptors called latrophilin (LAT‐1, LAT‐2) presynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of the nematode increasing release of the inhibitory neuropeptides PF1 and PF2 causing paralysis of the somatic muscles and pharyngeal pump resulting in death of the parasite

A

Emodepside

CATS ONLY

A cyclic depsipeptide
Used to treat round worms (Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina) & hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeformae) in CATS ONLY

Combined with prziquantel (Profender) as a spot‐on solution for cat

221
Q

What kind of drugs are the following?

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine®, Gra vol®), Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimetron®), Meclizine (Antivert®), Hydroxyzine (Atarax®), Trimeprazine (Temaril-P®), & Cyproheptadine (Periactin®)

A

Anti-histamines/ H1 Antagonist

Pharm II (Elise) (3 decks)

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