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PHI 101 > Exam 2 (philosophy) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (philosophy) Flashcards

1
Q

The essential reality of a thing or things

A

substances

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2
Q

Everything that actually is, as opposed to what merely appears to be…

A

reality

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3
Q

The power of the mind that allows us to choose our own actions

A

will

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4
Q

In Leibniz, the simple immaterial substances that are the ultimate constituents of all reality.

A

Monads

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5
Q

In plato’s metaphysics, the world we live in..

A

world of becoming

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6
Q

the philosophy that demands that all knowledge… comes from experience

A

empiricism

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7
Q

a physical method, used extensively G.W.F. Hegel and Karl Marx, in which contradictions are played against one another to arrive at the truth.

A

dialect

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8
Q

the metaphysical view that only physical matter and its properties exist.

A

Materialism

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9
Q

the study of being

A

ontology

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10
Q

in plato’s metaphysics, the world of ideal forms, a world that is unchanging.

A

world of being

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11
Q

the view that life is no good and ultimately serves no purpose

A

pessimism

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12
Q

the metaphysical view that there is ultimately one substance, that all reality is one.

A

Monism

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13
Q

“worldview”…

A

Weltanschauung

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14
Q

word, reason, logic…

A

logos (greek)

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15
Q

The metaphysical view that there are many distinct substances in the universe.

A

pluralism

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16
Q

one of the smallest possible material bodies

A

atoms

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17
Q

“to be is to be perceived”

A

subjective idealism

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18
Q

the study of such questions as how the universe came into being…

A

cosmology

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19
Q

the belief that all phenomena have a purpose, end or goal.

A

Teleology

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20
Q

the structure of a thing, that which identifies it as a particular thing or kind of thing…

A

Forms

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21
Q

“before experience”…

A

a priori

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22
Q

the study of the most basic (or ‘first’) principles

A

metaphysics

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23
Q

in Hegel’s philosophy, the all-embracing idea that includes the entire universe and all of humanity.

A

Spirit

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24
Q

the metaphysical view that only minds and their ideas exist

A

idealism

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25
Q

the metaphysical view that accepts the existence of non material entities

A

immaterialism

26
Q

the theory that a statement or belief is true if and only if it ‘coheres’ with a system of statements or beliefs

A

coherence theory of truth

27
Q

ideas that we are born with

A

innate ideas

28
Q

a statement that is false, but may not have been so

A

contingent falsehood

29
Q

something that cannot be otherwise and cannot be imagined to be otherwise

A

necessary truth

30
Q

truth independent of our personal opinions and demonstrably true to anyone.

A

objective truth

31
Q

in traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to reason

A

truth of reason

32
Q

a statement that is true because of the facts and knowable through experience

A

empirical truth

33
Q

the theory that a statement of belief is true if and only if it ‘corresponds’ to the facts

A

correspondence theory of truth

34
Q

the philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason and intuition in particular…

A

rationalism

35
Q

an idea that might be said to be true for the person who believes it but possibly for no one else.

A

subjective truth

36
Q

in Hume, an empirical claim, to be confirmed or falsified through experience.

A

matter of fact

37
Q

the study of human knowledge…

A

epistemology

38
Q

a true statement that could have been otherwise

A

contingent truth

39
Q

the philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible

A

skepticism

40
Q

the theory that a statement or belief is true if and only if it works.

A

pragmatic theory of truth

41
Q

who believed reality is ultimately water?

A

Thales

42
Q

Who believed reality is indefinite ‘stuff’

A

Anaximander

43
Q

who believed that reality is essentially air?

A

Anaximenes

44
Q

Who believed reality is like fire?

A

Heraclitus

45
Q

who believed that reality consists of tiny atoms

A

Democritus

46
Q

Who believed reality is ultimately numbers

A

Pythagoras

47
Q

Who believed reality is unchanging and unknown to us

A

Parmenides

48
Q

Who believed reality is unchanging and motion is unreal? (paradox of the arrow)

A

Zeno of Elea

49
Q

Who believed that reality is change but with an underlying logos, or logic?

A

Heraclitus

50
Q

What are the three views of the mind?

A

Minds are…

1) … one kind of substance
2) … part of a substance
3) … the only substance

51
Q

Who believed minds are one kind of substance?

A

Descartes

52
Q

who believed that minds are part of a substance

A

Spinoza

53
Q

who believed in Monads?

A

Leibniz

54
Q

Kant was an..

A

idealist

55
Q

Schopenhauer was a self proclaimed…

A

pessimist

56
Q

who wrote ‘God does not play dice with the universe’?

A

Einstein

57
Q

who said, “to be is to be perceived”?

A

Berkeley

58
Q

Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, and Leibniz are all..

A

rationalists

59
Q

Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Mill, and Russell are all…

A

empiricists

60
Q

Who said,”I think therefore I am”?

A

Descartes

61
Q

The two world theory states there are two worlds. A world of __________ and a world of ____________.

A

physical things
and
experience

62
Q

not many rationalists are…

A

skeptics

PHI 101 (4 decks)

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