Exam 2 - Powerpoint 6 (Liquid Dosage)

Question 1

Routes of Admin

Answer 1

Oral, Otic, Ophthalmic, Topical

Question 2

Syrup

Answer 2

aqueous solution containing sugar

Question 3

Elixers

Answer 3

combination of water and ethanol

Question 4

Spirit

Answer 4

Solutions of aromatic materials with alcohol

Question 5

Tinctures or fluid extracts

Answer 5

Solutions extract active constituents from crude drugs

Question 6

Solubility Factors

Answer 6

Solvent used
Pressure
pH of the solution
Physical agitation applied to the solution
Particle size

Question 7

Solubility

Answer 7

Solubility of agent in particular solvent indicates max conc (saturation)

Temp can increase or decrease solubility

Question 8

Positive heat of solution

Answer 8

chemical absorb heat when dissolved, increasing solubility

Question 9

Negative heat of solution

Answer 9

solubility decreases as temp increases

Question 10

Solvents

Answer 10

Water

Alcohol

Water + Alc = hydroalcoholic mixture

Glycerin and glycols are used with alcohol to reduce the amount of alcohol needed to solubilize drugs

FDA limits alcohol in children’s 6-12yr old product to 0.5%, 12+ = 5% and adults 10%

Question 11

Diluted alcohol

Answer 11

50/50 mixture of Alcohol, USP and Purified Water, USP

Question 12

Rubbing Alcohol

Answer 12

70% ethyl alcohol, with water, denaturants, perfume oils and stabilizers.

Each 100ml must contain 355mg sucrose octoacetate or 1.4 denatonium benzoate to discourage oral ingestion

Question 13

Glycerin (Glycerol)

Answer 13

Clear syrupy liquid with alcohol solvent properties

Question 14

Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol

Answer 14

70% isopropyl alcohol used as soothing rub

91% used as sterilizing agent

Question 15

Propylene Glycol

Answer 15

Solvent miscible with water and alcohol

Question 16

Purified water, USP

Answer 16

Distilled to remove impurities

Question 17

Percent weight in volume

Answer 17

1%, 1gm/100ml

Question 18

Percent volume in volume

Answer 18

1%, 1ml/100ml

Question 19

Percent weight in weight

Answer 19

1%, 1gm/100gm

Question 20

Ratio of weight in volume

Answer 20

1:1000 w/v = 1gm/1000ml

Question 21

Ratio of strength to volume in volume

Answer 21

1/1000 v/v = 1ml/1000ml

Question 22

Ratio of strength to weight in weight

Answer 22

1/1000 w/w = 1mg/1000gm

Question 23

Factors in formulation

Answer 23

Flavorants
Colorants
Stabilizers
Preservatives
Dosing quantity: 5ml, 10ml or 15ml vs drops

Question 24

Rehydration Solutions

Answer 24

Electrolyte replenishment for rapid fluid loss due to diarrhea or vomiting

Contains sodium, potassium and chloride

Glucose or dextrose is in some products

Rice based formula is glucose free

Question 25

Oral Colonic lavage solutions

Answer 25

Magnesium citrate or citrate of magnesia made with magnesium carbonate and citric acid, plus favoring PEG-3350 Go-lytely (electrolytes and polyethylene glycol - 4 liter container)

Question 26

Systemic alkalizing agent

Answer 26

Sodium citrate and Citric acid used for patients to alkalinize the urine to dissolve uric acid and cysteine calculi of the urinary tract

Question 27

Syrups

Answer 27

non-medicated syrups have sucrose, water, flavoring agents, coloring agents and the drug is added to the syrup Water soluble drugs that are stable in aqueous solution Simple syrup,NF is 85gm sucrose/ 100ml pur. water

Question 28

Antimicrobial preservative

Answer 28

Benzoic Acid 0.1% to 0.2% Sodium benzoate 0.1% to 0.2% Methylparabens, propylparabens and butylparabents = 0.1% Alcohol is preserving in 15-20% range, but would not be present in a syrup at that high of a percentage

Question 29

Flavors and colors

Answer 29

Volatile oils, vanillin and other synthetic or natural flavoring agents are used Flavorants must be water soluble but alcohol is sometimes used to solubilize the agent first

Question 30

Elixers

Answer 30

Clear, sweetened hydro alcoholic solutions for oral use Less sweet and viscous than syrups Easier to solubilize water and alcohol soluble drugs Sweetend with sucrose, sorbitol, glycerin or artificial sweeteners (saccharin) 10-12% alcohol as self preserving - don't need antimicrobial agents

Question 31

Tinctures

Answer 31

Opium tincture, USP contains 10% opium (1% morphine in equivalence) dosed in drops Camphorated tincture of opium contains 0.4% opium

Question 32

Topical tinctures

Answer 32

Green soap tincture (Detergent) Iodine tincture (anti-infective) Compound benzoin tincture (Protecant) Podophyllin tincture (wart removal)

Question 33

Aluminum acetate:

Answer 33

astringent, diluted in 10-40 parts of water: Burow's solution

Question 34

Hydrogen peroxide:

Answer 34

2.5-3.5% (w/v), local anti-infective used on the skin, releases oxygen

Question 35

Coal tar contains:

Answer 35

20% coal tar, 5% polysorbate 80 | From coal, double in non-aqueous solvents and used to treat eczema

Question 36

Chlorhexide

Answer 36

Topical in Hibiclens 4% | Oral in Peridex 0.12%

Question 37

Povidone - Iodine

Answer 37

chemical complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone used as a surgical scrub

Question 38

thimerosal Topical solution

Answer 38

Mercurial agent for antibacterial/antifungal use

Question 39

vaginal douches

Answer 39

for irrigation cleansing Contains boric acid or sodium borate ``` Astringents Antimicrobials Detergents Salts Aromatics ```