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AP Lit > Exam #2 PSY > Flashcards

Exam #2 PSY Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The brain receives input from the sensory organs

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs

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3
Q

What are the three steps basic to all sensory systems?

A

reception, transduction, and transmission

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4
Q

what is top down processing?

A

using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information

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5
Q

what us bottom up processing?

A

taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it

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6
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

the minimum level of stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time

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7
Q

What is priming?

A

an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection

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8
Q

What is sensory adaptation

A

to help detect novelty in our surroundings, our senses tune out a constant stimulus such as: a rock in your shoe

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9
Q

what determines brightness?

A

the perceived intensity or luminance of a visual stimulus

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10
Q

What determines color/hue?

A

the wavelength of light that reaches our eyes

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11
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the dark circular opening in the center of the eye

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12
Q

What are rods and cones? What is each responsible for? Which is more color sensitive?

A

Rods and cones are receptor cells, rods help us see the black and white actions in our peripheral view and in the dark. Cones help us see sharp colorful details in bright light. Cluster around the fovea. Cones are more sensitive

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13
Q

What is the opponent processing theory? Which cells are turned off by which cells?

A

refers to the neural process of perceiving white as the opposite of perceiving black

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14
Q

What is retinal disparity? What is it a cue for?

A

the two eyes have slightly different views. The more different the views are the closer the object must be. depth perception

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15
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

visual clues that allow a person to perceive depth using only one eye

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16
Q

what determines pitch

A

high frequency sound waves

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17
Q

What determines loudness?

A

higher amplitudes

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18
Q

What is on the basilar membrane?

A

the hair cells

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19
Q

What is place theory?

A

At high sound frequencies, signals are generated at different locations in the cochlea, depending on pitch. The brain reads pitch by reading the location where the signals are coming from

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20
Q

What do hair cells do?

A

They send signals through the auditory nerves to the temporal lobe of the brain

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21
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

the process of acquiring new understanding

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22
Q

What is conditioning?

A

the process that teaches a person how to respond to a stimulus by associating a stimulus with a particular behavior

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23
Q

Generally, what are unconditioned responses?

A

a stimulus which triggers a response naturally without any conditioning

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24
Q

What is extinction?

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A

Target behavior decreases when reinforcement stops

25
What is discrimination?
the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization
26
What is generalization?
the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
27
What is reinforcement? What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to be done again. Positive: the reward is adding something desirable Negative: the reward is ending something unpleasant
28
What is punishment? What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
These consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future. Positive: you add something unpleasant/aversive Negative: You take away something pleasant/ desired
29
What is associative learning?
the process by which living organisms learn to connect two or more things together, such as events, objects, or abstracts concepts
30
What is observational learning?
watching what happens when other people do a behavior and learning from their experience
31
What are mirror neurons?
when we watch others doing or feeling something, neurons fire in patterns that would fire if we were doing the action of having the feeling ourselves
32
What is memory?
Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored over time, information that can be retrieved over ie
33
What is storage?
the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
34
What is retrieval?
reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a for similar to what was encoded
35
What is short term memory?
the ability to temporarily store information for a short period of time
36
What is long-term memory?
the ability to store information for a long period of time
37
What is automatic processing?
information that goes straight from sensory experience into long term memory
38
What is explicit memory? What is another name for this?
facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall, declarative memory
39
What is implicit memory?
the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don't "declare"/talk about
40
What is echoic memory?
the brains ability to temporarily store and recall sounds that have been heard
41
What is chunking?
technique to break down information into smaller, more manageable pieces
42
What type of memory would be impaired with damage to the hippocampus?
episodic memory
43
What are the two different types of amnesia?
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
44
What is cognition?
refers to mental activities and processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating information
45
What is a prototype?
a mental representation of an object or concept
46
What is a category/concept?
similar characteristics
47
What is confirmation bias?
refers to our tendency to search for information which confirms our current theory, disregarding contradictory evidence
48
What is fixation?
The tendency to get stuck in one way thinking; an inability to see a problem from a new perspective
49
What is availability heuristic?
cognitive bias that leads people to make quick judgments based on info that's most easily available to them
50
What are phonemes?
are the smallest units of sound (vowels and consonants)
51
What are morphemes?
are the units of meaning
52
What is telegraphic speech?
a stage of language development where young children speak in short phrases. adding verbs and making sentences but missing words
53
What are critical periods?
a specific time in development
54
What is linguistic determinism?
the idea that our specific language determines how we think
55
What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?
aptitude tests attempt to predict your ability to learn new skills and achievements tests measure what you already have learned
56
What is framing?
is the focus, emphasis, or perspective that affects our judgements and decisions
57
What is belief perseverance?
Clinging to ones's belief in the face of contrary evidence
58
what is sensory memory?
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short term or long term memory

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