Exam 2 Q&A Review Skeletal System

Question 1

What is the function of compact bone tissue?

Answer 1

Support

Compact bone tissue provides structural support to the skeletal system.

Question 2

Which organs are protected by compact bone?

Answer 2

Skull, ribs

Compact bone protects vital organs such as the brain and heart.

Question 3

How do bones facilitate movement?

Answer 3

Act as levers

Bones serve as levers that muscles pull on to produce movement.

Question 4

What minerals are stored in bones?

Answer 4

Calcium, phosphate

Bones store essential minerals, particularly calcium and phosphate, in their matrix.

Question 5

Where does blood cell production occur in bones?

Answer 5

Red bone marrow

Red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells.

Question 6

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Answer 6

Fat storage

Yellow bone marrow serves as a site for fat storage within the medullary cavity.

Question 7

List the five shapes used to classify bones.

Question 8

What are examples of long bones?

Answer 8

Femur, tibia, humerus

Question 9

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 9

Carpals, tarsals, talus

Question 10

What are examples of flat bones?

Answer 10

Skull, sternum, ribs

Question 11

What are examples of irregular bones?

Answer 11

Vertebrae, facial bones, pelvis

Question 12

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 12

Patella, small sesamoid bones in tendons of feet and hands

Question 13

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

Answer 13

Ends with spongy bone and red marrow

Question 14

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 14

Shaft with compact bone and yellow marrow inside

Question 15

What does the metaphysis contain?

Answer 15

Epiphyseal plate/line

Question 16

What is the periosteum?

Answer 16

Outer fibrous membrane

Question 17

What is the endosteum?

Answer 17

Inner lining of medullary cavity

Question 18

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 18

Covers epiphysis

Question 19

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

Answer 19

Hematopoiesis

Question 20

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

Answer 20

Medullary cavity of long bones

Question 21

What are the components of bone tissue?

Answer 21

Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; Extracellular matrix: collagen fibers + calcium phosphate salts

Question 22

How do collagen and calcium salts contribute to bone properties?

Answer 22

Collagen provides flexibility; calcium salts provide hardness

Question 23

What is the structure of compact bone?

Answer 23

Osteons (cylindrical units), dense, forms outer bone

Question 24

What is the structure of spongy bone?

Answer 24

Trabeculae network, spaces with marrow, found in epiphyses and flat bones

Question 25

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 25

Bone forms from mesenchymal membrane (e.g., skull, clavicle)

Question 26

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 26

Bone replaces hyaline cartilage (most bones like femur, humerus)

Question 27

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 27

Build bone (deposition)

Question 28

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 28

Break bone down (resorption)

Question 29

What is longitudinal bone growth?

Answer 29

Occurs at epiphyseal plates, increases length

Question 30

What is appositional bone growth?

Answer 30

Occurs under periosteum, increases thickness

Question 31

What effect does growth hormone have on bone?

Answer 31

Stimulates bone length

Question 32

What role do testosterone and estrogen play in bone growth?

Answer 32

Promote growth and then plate closure

Question 33

What is the function of Vitamin D in bone health?

Answer 33

Helps absorb calcium

Question 34

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate blood calcium levels?

Answer 34

Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone

Question 35

What are the stages of bone fracture healing?

Answer 35

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 36

What are the major classifications of the skeletal system?

Answer 36

Axial and appendicular

Question 37

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

Answer 37

Skull, vertebral column, ribs

Question 38

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 38

Limbs and girdles

Question 39

Why do bones have depressions?

Answer 39

Space for other structures (e.g., fossa)

Question 40

Why do bones have openings?

Answer 40

Passage for blood vessels/nerves (e.g., foramen)

Question 41

Why do bones have projections?

Answer 41

Attachment points for muscles/ligaments

Question 42

Name the bones of the skull.

Answer 42

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible

Question 43

How are skull bones joined together?

Answer 43

By sutures (immovable joints)

Question 44

Which skull bones have sinuses?

Answer 44

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 45

What are the functions of sinuses?

Answer 45

Lighten skull, produce mucus, resonate voice

Question 46

What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 46

Frontal, ethmoid

Question 47

What bones form the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 47

Sphenoid, temporal

Question 48

What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 48

Occipital, temporal

Question 49

What bones form the orbit?

Answer 49

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine

Question 50

What bones form the nasal septum?

Answer 50

Vomer, ethmoid

Question 51

What bones form the nasal conchae?

Answer 51

Ethmoid (superior, middle), inferior nasal conchae

Question 52

What is the function of fetal fontanels?

Answer 52

Allow skull flexibility during birth and brain growth after birth

Question 53

What are the features of cervical vertebrae?

Answer 53

Small body, transverse foramina

Question 54

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 54

Facets for ribs

Question 55

What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 55

Large body, thick processes

Question 56

How do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

Answer 56

Via intervertebral foramina

Question 57

What are the curvatures of the spine in a fetus?

Answer 57

Single C-curve

Question 58

What are the curvatures of the spine in an adult?

Answer 58

4 curves – cervical/lumbar (lordosis), thoracic/sacral (kyphosis)

Question 59

How do ribs articulate with vertebrae?

Answer 59

Attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae at facets on body and transverse processes

Question 60

How is the sacrum formed?

Answer 60

Fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

Question 61

How do spinal nerves exit the sacrum?

Answer 61

Through sacral foramina

Question 62

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 62

Clavicle and scapula

Question 63

Which parts of the scapula and humerus articulate?

Answer 63

Glenoid cavity and head of humerus

Question 64

Which parts of the humerus articulate with the ulna and radius?

Answer 64

Humerus + ulna: trochlea and olecranon; Humerus + radius: capitulum and radial head

Question 65

How do the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse?

Answer 65

Fuse at the acetabulum, forming one pelvic bone on each side

Question 66

Which part of the femur articulates with the pelvic bone?

Answer 66

Femoral head with acetabulum

Question 67

Which parts of the femur articulate with the tibia?

Answer 67

Condyles of femur and tibia

Question 68

What type of bone is the patella?

Answer 68

Sesamoid bone

Question 69

What is the purpose of the three arches of the foot?

Answer 69

Distribute weight, absorb shock, maintain balance and support walking

Question 70

What are the classifications of joints by function?

Answer 70

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Question 71

Do all joints move?

Answer 71

No

Question 72

Which joints enable movement?

Answer 72

Diarthrosis

Question 73

Which joints provide stability?

Answer 73

Synarthrosis

Question 74

Which joints allow for the growth of long bones?

Answer 74

Cartilaginous joints at epiphyseal plates

Question 75

What are the three structural classes of joints?

Answer 75

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 76

What are the components of fibrous joints?

Answer 76

Dense CT, no cavity (e.g., sutures)

Question 77

What are the components of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 77

Cartilage connects bones (e.g., discs)

Question 78

What are the components of synovial joints?

Answer 78

Fluid-filled cavity, most moveable

Question 79

Give two examples of fibrous joints.

Answer 79

Sutures, syndesmoses

Question 80

Give two examples of cartilaginous joints.

Answer 80

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 81

Give two examples of synovial joints.

Answer 81

Shoulder, knee

Question 82

What is the basic structure of a synovial joint?

Answer 82

Articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursae

Question 83

What movement does flexion refer to?

Answer 83

Decreasing the angle between body parts

Question 84

What movement does extension refer to?

Answer 84

Increasing the angle between body parts

Question 85

What movement does abduction refer to?

Answer 85

Moving body part away from midline

Question 86

What movement does adduction refer to?

Answer 86

Moving body part toward midline

Question 87

What movement does rotation refer to?

Answer 87

Turning around an axis

Question 88

What movement does pronation refer to?

Answer 88

Rotating the forearm so palm faces down

Question 89

What movement does supination refer to?

Answer 89

Rotating the forearm so palm faces up

Question 90

What movement does dorsiflexion refer to?

Answer 90

Lifting the foot upwards

Question 91

What movement does plantarflexion refer to?

Answer 91

Pointing the foot downwards

Question 92

What movement does circumduction refer to?

Answer 92

Circular movement of a limb

Question 93

What type of synovial joint is the elbow?

Answer 93

Hinge joint

Question 94

What movement occurs at the elbow joint?

Answer 94

Flexion/extension

Question 95

What type of synovial joint is the shoulder?

Answer 95

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 96

What movements can occur at the shoulder joint?

Answer 96

All directions

Question 97

What type of synovial joint is the atlas/axis?

Answer 97

Pivot joint

Question 98

What movements occur at the atlas/axis joint?

Answer 98

Rotation

Question 99

What type of synovial joint is the wrist?

Answer 99

Condyloid joint

Question 100

What movements occur at the wrist joint?

Answer 100

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

Question 101

What type of synovial joint is the thumb?

Answer 101

Saddle joint

Question 102

What type of synovial joint is found between carpals?

Answer 102

Plane joint

Question 103

What is a common injury of the elbow?

Answer 103

Dislocation

Question 104

What is a common injury of the knee?

Answer 104

Torn ligaments/menisci

Question 105

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip joints in terms of mobility?

Answer 105

Shoulder is highly mobile, hip is stable

Question 106

What injuries are common in the shoulder joint?

Answer 106

Rotator cuff injuries

Question 107

What injuries are common in the hip joint?

Answer 107

Fractures, arthritis

Question 108

What is the trade-off between mobility and stability in joints?

Answer 108

Greater mobility = less stability; more stability = less mobility

Question 109

What is the most mobile but least stable joint in the body?

Answer 109

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Question 110

Why is the shoulder joint considered least stable?

Answer 110

Shallow socket, small contact area, relies on soft tissue for stability