Exam 2 quizzes

Question 1

Most illicit drug users are in the ___ year-old age range?

Answer 1

18-25

Question 2

In 1914, the passage of the ____ regulated use and dispensing of opioid drugs and cocaine.

Answer 2

Harrison Act

Question 3

The Controlled Substances Act created ____ and established ___ of controlled substances

Answer 3

The DEA, Five schedules

Question 4

Drug not found in nature

Answer 4

Amphetamines

Question 5

Because of early theories equating addiction with ___,the drug ____ was not thought to be an addictive substance.

Answer 5

Physical dependence, Cocaine

Question 6

According to the Schedule of controlled substances, substances considered Schedule !

Answer 6

Have no accepted medial use in the United States and have high abuse potential

Question 7

The best animal model for studying reinforcing effects of drugs (and whether or not an animal will take a drug) is

Answer 7

self-administration

Question 8

In general, drugs of abuse ___ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation.

Answer 8

decrease (rats press the lever less)

Question 9

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer___, and those suffering from depression should prefer ___

Answer 9

alcohol, cocaine

Question 10

The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures but does not include the

Answer 10

cerebellum

Question 11

Freebasing

Answer 11

is especially dangerous because the ether used to extract the cocaine is highly flammable

Question 12

Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking ____ and ___.

Answer 12

monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 13

Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine

Answer 13

Vasoconstriction

Question 14

Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by

Answer 14

releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm

Question 15

Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by

Answer 15

reversing the transporter

Question 16

Which of the following regarding mephedrone is false?

Answer 16

it is sold as a “legal high” and is legally to purchase online

Question 17

Cocaine works to ___ transporters, while amphetamine and methamphetamine ___ transporters.

Answer 17

inhibit; reverse

Question 18

Injection of ____ directly into the nucleus accumbens is reinforcing to an animal

Answer 18

amphetamine, cocaine

Question 19

PET images of individuals who have been using psychostimulants demonstrate a reduction of ____ receptors. (figure 12.16)

Answer 19

D2

Question 20

When cocaine and alcohol are taken together, an active metabolite (cocaethylene) is created

Answer 20

True

Question 21

All of the following are naturally occurring opiates except for

Answer 21

heroin

Question 22

heroin is

Answer 22

converted to morphine in the brain

Question 23

Which of the following drugs would be considered a partial agonist?

Answer 23

buprenorphine

Question 24

prescription opiate drugs are usually administered

Answer 24

orally

Question 25

The most dangerous side effect of high dose opiate drugs is

Answer 25

the suppression of the brain stem's respiratory center

Question 26

What is the most often complained about side effect of prescription opioid pain killers? Hint: peripherally acting drugs like loperimide (immodium AD) were made to take advantage of this side effect

Answer 26

Slowing of gastrointestinal functions/motility

Question 27

The μ-receptor (mu)

Answer 27

plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine

Question 28

According to Figure 11.17 on page 325, a model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting

Answer 28

GABA

Question 29

Tolerance to opiate effects

Answer 29

occur rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects

Question 30

Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse?

Answer 30

It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously

Question 31

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is it's conversion to

Answer 31

Acetaldehyde

Question 32

Which of the following best represents the enzymatic steps involved in metabolism?

Answer 32

Alcohol-> alcohol dehydrogenase-> acetaldehyde-> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-> acetic acid

Question 33

____ tolerance to alcohol results from a(n) ____ of liver enzymes.

Answer 33

Metabolic; induction

Question 34

Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both ___ the effects of ____ at ____ receptors.

Answer 34

Enhance;GABA; GABAa

Question 35

_____ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with extrasynaptic ___ likely also playing a role

Answer 35

Dopamine and the opioids; GABA

Question 36

Nicotine self-administration

Answer 36

Depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for it's reinforcing effects

Question 37

Which receptors does nicotine bind to?

Answer 37

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which are ionotropic and excitatory

Question 38

Nicotine replacement therapy has employed all of the following formulations except for

Answer 38

Pill

Question 39

Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts it's stimulant effects at the synapse by

Answer 39

Blocking adenosine receptors

Question 40

One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that

Answer 40

Alcohol-related impairment is still present although the individual may feel less intoxicated

Question 41

In the 1930's _____, the first commissioner of Narcotics spread an "antimarijuana" campaign to try to convince the public that marijuana is a social menace that could destroy American's youths

Answer 41

Harry Anslinger

Question 42

Which of the following are routes of administration for marijuana?

Answer 42

Smoked, oral injection

Question 43

When did the first state in the United States legalize marijuana for medicinal use?

Answer 43

1996

Question 44

The reinforcing and rewarding effects of THC (the major active ingredient in marijuana) are due to is pharmacodynamics effects, which includes:

Answer 44

Binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors (CB1) in the meso limbic pathway and acting as an agent, facilitating retrograde signaling.

Question 45

Although people who use marijuana report feeling hunger often termed "the munchies", drugs that block endogenous cannabinoid receptors actually ______.

Answer 45

Suppress feeding

Question 46

True/False: Agonist activity of THC at CB1 receptors in the hippocampus results in memory impairment in animal models

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Which of the following is an endogenous cannabinoid or "endocannabinoid"?

Answer 47

Anandamide, 2-arachiodonoylglycerol (2-AG)

Question 48

Where (within the synapse) do cannabinoids work?

Answer 48

Presynaptically (on the cell surface of the terminal of the presynaptic cell)

Question 49

Which of the following is TRUE about marijuana/THC according to chapter 14?

Answer 49

It is reinforcing to both humans and animals (meaning people and animals will self-administer it) It produces impairment on memory (in both humans and animals) It can produce tolerance, dépendance, and withdrawal.

Question 50

True/False: you are more likely to try marijuana for the first time around age 25.

Answer 50

False Adolescence and early adulthood are the peak times for initial marijuana use