EXAM 2 Reproduction Flashcards

Question

Fill in the blank: The _____ develops into muscles and bones.

Answer 1

Mesoderm ## Footnote The mesoderm plays a crucial role in forming the musculoskeletal system.

Answer 2

False ## Footnote The skin is formed from the ectoderm, not the endoderm.

Answer 3

Digestive system, respiratory system, urinary bladder, thyroid, parathyroid glands ## Footnote These systems are essential for various bodily functions.

Answer 4

1. Ductus venosus 2. Foramen ovale 3. Ductus arteriosus ## Footnote These shunts facilitate the unique blood flow requirements of the fetus.

Answer 5

Allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the fetal liver and enter the inferior vena cava. ## Footnote It constricts after birth when umbilical cord blood flow stops.

Answer 6

An opening between the atria that allows most oxygenated blood to flow from the right to left atrium, bypassing the lungs. ## Footnote It closes after birth as lung circulation increases.

Answer 7

Allows most deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to bypass the lungs and enter the aorta. ## Footnote After birth, it constricts as oxygen levels rise, eventually becoming the ligamentum arteriosum.

Answer 8

fetal liver

Answer 9

ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 10

An infant born before 37 completed weeks of gestation.

Answer 11

An infant born between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestation.

Answer 12

Less than 2500 grams (5 lbs 8 oz) at birth.

Answer 13

An infant weighing less than 1500 grams (3 lbs 5 oz) at birth.

Answer 14

An infant weighing less than 1000 grams (2 lbs 3 oz) at birth.

Answer 15

Skin-to-skin contact between a preterm infant and parent, providing warmth, bonding, and developmental benefits.

Answer 16

Short periods of apnea alternating with breathing.

Answer 17

A pause in breathing for 20 seconds or longer.

Answer 18

Providing warmth to prevent heat loss and maintain normal body temperature in preterm infants.

Answer 19

Feedings delivered into the gastrointestinal tract, either orally or via feeding tube.

Answer 20

Positioning and swaddling preterm infants to decrease energy expenditure.

Answer 21

Intravenous nutrition solution providing calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Answer 22

Adjusting for prematurity by adding the number of weeks premature to the chronological age.

Answer 23

Poor fetal growth resulting in low birth weight for gestational age.

Answer 24

An infant with excessive birth weight, often over 4000-4500 grams.

Answer 25

34 to 36 completed weeks of gestation ## Footnote Late preterm infants may appear similar to full-term infants but often exhibit characteristics of prematurity.

Answer 26

Poor sucking, swallowing, and breathing coordination ## Footnote These difficulties can lead to feeding issues and increased risk of jaundice.

Answer 27

Jaundice, feeding issues, and hospital readmission ## Footnote Close monitoring and follow-ups are essential for these infants.

Answer 28

Close monitoring by a lactation consultant and frequent follow-ups with a healthcare provider ## Footnote This is crucial until 40 weeks postconceptional age.

Answer 29

32 to 33 weeks ## Footnote This classification is part of the broader categorization of preterm infants.

Answer 30

28 to 31 weeks ## Footnote Very preterm infants face more complications than late preterm infants.

Answer 31

Less than 28 weeks ## Footnote Extremely preterm infants are at the highest risk for health complications.

Answer 32

Preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, maternal or fetal conditions requiring early delivery

Answer 33

* Low birth weight * Immature organ systems * Thin skin

Answer 34

* Respiratory distress syndrome * Apnea * Periodic breathing

Answer 35

Increased heat loss due to large surface area to body mass ratio and lack of insulating fat

Answer 36

* Increased insensible water loss * Electrolyte imbalances * Risk of dehydration

Answer 37

Fragile skin prone to injury and increased risk of infection

Answer 38

Immature immune system, invasive procedures, prolonged hospitalization

Answer 39

Frequent painful procedures and stimuli due to necessary medical interventions

Answer 40

Caused by lack of surfactant in immature lungs, leading to alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange

Answer 41

Chronic lung disease resulting from lung injury and inflammation, often requiring prolonged oxygen therapy

Answer 42

Bleeding into the ventricular system of the brain, which can lead to neurological impairment

Answer 43

Abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina that can cause vision impairment or blindness

Answer 44

intestinal injury and necrosis

Answer 45

* Intestinal perforation * Sepsis

Answer 46

Postterm pregnancy ## Footnote Postterm pregnancy can lead to various complications for both the mother and the infant.

Answer 47

* Placental insufficiency * Genetic factors * Maternal conditions like obesity or diabetes ## Footnote These risk factors can contribute to complications during labor and delivery.

Answer 48

* Dry, peeling skin with little vernix * Abundant hair * Long nails * Meconium staining * Thin body with little fat * Apprehensive appearance ## Footnote These physical characteristics can indicate postmaturity in infants.

Answer 49

* Meconium aspiration * Hypoglycemia * Polycythemia ## Footnote Complications may require immediate medical attention after birth.

Answer 50

Induction of labor after 42 weeks ## Footnote Inducing labor helps prevent complications associated with prolonged pregnancy.

Answer 51

* Fetal monitoring * Neonatal resuscitation * Glucose screening ## Footnote These practices are crucial for ensuring the health of the newborn.

Answer 52

* Assess for signs of postmaturity * Monitor temperature * Monitor respiratory status * Monitor glucose levels closely * Provide warmth * Ensure early and frequent feedings * Teach parents about cold stress prevention * Watch for hyperbilirubinemia risk ## Footnote These considerations are vital for the care and management of postterm infants.

Answer 53

Small-for-gestational-age

Answer 54

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency, maternal factors like hypertension or smoking, congenital anomalies, or chromosomal disorders

Answer 55

Low birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age, may be symmetric or asymmetric, thin appearance, loose skin folds, prominent bones

Answer 56

* Symmetric (all measurements small) * Asymmetric (head normal, body small)

Answer 57

Early identification of IUGR and treatment of underlying causes if possible

Answer 58

Fetal growth and well-being

Answer 59

Early delivery

Answer 60

Provide adequate nutrition and monitor for complications

Answer 61

* Assess for signs of IUGR * Monitor temperature, respiratory status, glucose levels * Promote adequate nutrition with early, frequent feedings * Provide developmentally supportive care * Educate parents on care needs

Answer 62

Large-for-gestational-age

Answer 63

Maternal diabetes, excessive maternal weight gain, prolonged gestation, genetic factors

Answer 64

Birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age, large body size, abundant fat, plethora (reddened skin), difficult delivery

Answer 65

Monitoring for macrosomia during pregnancy

Answer 66

Early labor induction

Answer 67

Blood glucose levels

Answer 68

Early feedings

Answer 69

* Assess for signs of macrosomia * Provide warmth and early, frequent feedings * Monitor temperature, respiratory status, and glucose levels closely * Assist with breastfeeding positioning * Educate on risks like birth injuries

Answer 70

The process of initiating milk production and secretion ## Footnote Lactogenesis occurs in stages during pregnancy and after birth.

Answer 71

The first milk produced after birth, rich in antibodies and nutrients for the newborn ## Footnote Colostrum is produced in the first few days postpartum.

Answer 72

Milk produced 5-10 days postpartum as the milk transitions to mature milk ## Footnote Transitional milk has a different composition than colostrum and mature milk.

Answer 73

Fully developed breast milk produced around 2 weeks postpartum ## Footnote Mature milk is the primary source of nutrition for the infant.

Answer 74

The milk released first during a feeding, watery and lower in fat ## Footnote Foremilk helps to quench the infant's thirst.

Answer 75

The richer, fattier milk released towards the end of a feeding ## Footnote Hindmilk is important for the infant's growth and satiety.

Answer 76

Painful overfilling of the breasts with milk, often in early breastfeeding ## Footnote Engorgement can make breastfeeding difficult and uncomfortable.

Answer 77

The way an infant attaches to the breast and nipple for effective breastfeeding ## Footnote A proper latch is crucial for successful breastfeeding.

Answer 78

An infant sucking on a pacifier or finger for comfort, not nutrition ## Footnote Nonnutritive sucking can help soothe infants.

Answer 79

Inflammatory breast condition, often involving infection, that can occur during breastfeeding ## Footnote Mastitis can cause pain, swelling, and flu-like symptoms.

Answer 80

Optimal nutrition, antibodies for immunity, reduced risk of infections, lower risk of obesity and diabetes, potential cognitive benefits ## Footnote Breastfeeding offers numerous health advantages for infants, including enhanced nutrition and immune support.

Answer 81

Promotes uterine involution, burns calories for postpartum weight loss, reduces risks of breast and ovarian cancer, provides emotional bonding ## Footnote Mothers experience both physical and emotional benefits from breastfeeding, contributing to their recovery and health.

Answer 82

* Ready-to-use * Liquid concentrate * Powder ## Footnote These various forms of formula allow for different levels of convenience and preparation.

Answer 83

False ## Footnote Unlike breastmilk, formula does not contain antibodies, which are crucial for an infant's immune system.

Answer 84

complete ## Footnote Formula is designed to meet all nutritional needs of infants, similar to breastmilk.

Answer 85

* For premature infants * For allergies * For metabolic disorders ## Footnote These specialized formulas cater to the unique needs of certain infants.

Answer 86

Convenient, economical, environmentally friendly ## Footnote Breastfeeding is often more accessible and cost-effective than formula feeding.

Answer 87

Important for safe formula use ## Footnote Adequate preparation and storage techniques are crucial to ensure the safety and nutritional quality of formula.

Answer 88

The process of the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size ## Footnote Breastfeeding aids this natural recovery process post childbirth.

Answer 89

Prolactin ## Footnote Prolactin is crucial for initiating and maintaining milk production.

Answer 90

Causes the milk ejection or let-down reflex ## Footnote Oxytocin helps release milk into the ducts for the infant.

Answer 91

Nipples that protrude outward ## Footnote Everted nipples are considered normal for breastfeeding.

Answer 92

Flat nipples appear flush with the areola ## Footnote They may need stimulation to protrude.

Answer 93

Nipples that are retracted inward ## Footnote Inverted nipples can pose challenges for breastfeeding.

Answer 94

They draw inward ## Footnote This can complicate the infant's ability to latch properly.

Answer 95

Techniques like breast shells ## Footnote These techniques assist in making latching easier for the infant.

Answer 96

Turning head and opening mouth when cheek is stroked ## Footnote A natural reflex in infants that helps them find food.

Answer 97

Sucking motions/noises, hand-to-mouth movements, fussiness/crying, awakening from sleep, lip smacking ## Footnote These cues indicate that an infant is ready to eat.

Answer 98

fussiness/crying

Answer 99

Fussiness/crying ## Footnote Infants often wake up when they are ready to eat.

Answer 100

Latch (Scoring 0-2 based on how well the infant grasps the breast) ## Footnote LATCH is an acronym used to assess breastfeeding effectiveness.

Answer 101

Audible swallowing (Scoring 0-2 based on frequency of swallows) ## Footnote This measures how often the baby swallows during feeding.

Answer 102

Type of nipple (Scoring 0-2 based on nipple type - everted, flat, inverted) ## Footnote Nipple type can affect breastfeeding success.

Answer 103

Comfort (Scoring 0-2 based on signs of mother's comfort or discomfort) ## Footnote Mother's comfort is crucial for effective breastfeeding.

Answer 104

Hold (Scoring 0-2 based on positioning, support from staff) ## Footnote Proper hold is essential for successful breastfeeding.

Answer 105

Scores range from 0-10 ## Footnote Higher scores indicate better breastfeeding practices.

Answer 106

Baby is cradled across the mother's lap, head supported by the elbow ## Footnote This position promotes skin-to-skin contact.

Answer 107

* Allows skin-to-skin contact * Easy to see baby's latch * Supports baby's head and neck ## Footnote This position is commonly used by breastfeeding mothers.

Answer 108

Can strain mother's arm and back over time ## Footnote It's important to be aware of physical strain during prolonged use.

Answer 109

Similar to cradle, but uses opposite arm to support baby's head ## Footnote This position is useful for better control of the baby's head.

Answer 110

* Gives control over positioning baby's head * Helpful for premature babies ## Footnote This hold can enhance feeding effectiveness.

Answer 111

Arm across body can feel restrictive ## Footnote Some mothers may find this position uncomfortable.

Answer 112

Baby's body extends along the mother's side, cradled by that arm ## Footnote This hold is beneficial for mothers recovering from a c-section.

Answer 113

* Good for small babies * After c-section as less pressure on abdomen ## Footnote This position can also assist in feeding twins.

Answer 114

Requires a pillow to support baby's head ## Footnote Proper support is necessary for effective feeding.

Answer 115

Mother and baby lie facing each other to feed ## Footnote This position allows for a relaxed feeding experience.

Answer 116

* Allows resting while nursing * Minimizes strain on arms/back ## Footnote It's a comfortable option for nighttime feedings.

Answer 117

* Requires pillow support * Risk of rolling onto baby ## Footnote Safety precautions should be taken to avoid accidents.

Answer 118

Weight gain, wet/dirty diapers, and audible swallowing during feeds ## Footnote Sleepy infants may require arousal techniques such as undressing or gentle massage.

Answer 119

A condition where artificial nipples introduced too early make it harder for the baby to latch ## Footnote Proper latch technique is crucial, aiming for a wide mouth gape that takes in much of the areola.

Answer 120

* Tongue tie * Lip tie * Jaundice * Illness

Answer 121

Temporary swelling and fullness of the breasts 2-4 days after birth due to increased milk production ## Footnote Can lead to hard, painful breasts that make it difficult for the baby to latch.

Answer 122

* Frequent nursing * Cold compresses * Gentle massage

Answer 123

Improper latch ## Footnote Ensure the baby takes a large mouthful of areola, not just the nipple.

Answer 124

* Use lanolin ointments * Allow nipples to air dry * Seek help for severe pain or cracking

Answer 125

They can make it harder for the baby to latch deeply ## Footnote Try nipple shells or breast pump before feeding to draw out the nipple.

Answer 126

Obstruction of milk ducts causing a tender lump ## Footnote Can lead to mastitis if unresolved.

Answer 127

* Apply warm compresses * Massage the area * Ensure full milk removal

Answer 128

To maintain a healthy milk supply when directly breastfeeding is not possible. ## Footnote Proper expression helps ensure the baby receives high-quality breast milk.

Answer 129

Wash her hands and pump parts. ## Footnote Hygiene is crucial for preventing contamination.

Answer 130

Massage and warmth. ## Footnote These techniques can promote milk flow.

Answer 131

Start with low suction and gradually increase as needed, avoiding excessive vacuum. ## Footnote This helps prevent discomfort and injury.

Answer 132

Pump more frequently rather than longer. ## Footnote Frequent pumping signals the body to produce more milk.

Answer 133

In clean containers, labeled with the date, and refrigerated or frozen based on safe storage guidelines. ## Footnote Proper storage prevents spoilage and ensures milk quality.

Answer 134

Formula feeding. ## Footnote It provides an alternative to breastfeeding.

Answer 135

Ready-to-use, concentrated liquid, and powder. ## Footnote Each form has specific preparation requirements.

Answer 136

Enfamil, Similac, and Gerber. ## Footnote These brands offer various formulations for different needs.

Answer 137

Formulas for premature infants, those with allergies, or other conditions. ## Footnote Specialized formulas cater to specific dietary needs.

Answer 138

Formula does not provide the same immunological benefits as breastmilk. ## Footnote Breastmilk contains antibodies that help protect infants.

Answer 139

Iron-fortified formula. ## Footnote Iron is essential for infant growth and development.

Answer 140

Proper preparation, storage, and feeding techniques according to product instructions. ## Footnote Adhering to guidelines ensures safety and nutrition.

Answer 141

Flattening of one side of an infant's skull, often from positioning and pressure on the same area. ## Footnote Commonly seen in infants who spend a lot of time lying on their backs.

Answer 142

A condition where the foreskin cannot be pulled back over the glans of the penis. ## Footnote This condition can lead to complications if not addressed.

Answer 143

Conjunctivitis or eye inflammation occurring in a newborn, often caused by bacterial infection acquired during delivery. ## Footnote Preventative antibiotic eye drops are routinely given at birth to mitigate this risk.

Answer 144

To prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, a potentially life-threatening condition ## Footnote Phytonadione is given as a single injection.

Answer 145

A form of conjunctivitis that can occur from exposure to bacteria during delivery ## Footnote It is prevented by applying erythromycin (0.5%) ophthalmic ointment to the eyes of newborns.

Answer 146

Erythromycin (0.5%) ophthalmic ointment ## Footnote This medication helps prevent ophthalmia neonatorum.

Answer 147

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding and ophthalmia neonatorum ## Footnote Both conditions can lead to serious health issues in the first days of life.

Answer 148

False ## Footnote Phytonadione is given as a single injection.

Answer 149

ophthalmia neonatorum

Answer 150

Signs include: * Nasal flaring * Grunting * Retractions (intercostal, subcostal, suprasternal) * Tachypnea (rapid breathing) * Cyanosis ## Footnote These signs indicate that the newborn is having difficulty breathing and may require immediate attention.

Answer 151

Interventions include: * Using a bulb syringe to suction out mucus/secretions * Positioning the infant with the head slightly extended ## Footnote These measures can help clear the airway and improve breathing.

Answer 152

Prompt medical evaluation is crucial for any signs of significant respiratory distress. ## Footnote Early assessment can lead to timely interventions that may prevent further complications.

Answer 153

Forms of respiratory support may include: * Supplemental oxygen * Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) * Intubation ## Footnote The choice of intervention depends on the severity of the distress.

Answer 154

Immediately dry the newborn and place skin-to-skin on the mother's chest or under a radiant warmer.

Answer 155

36.5-37.5°C

Answer 156

Cap the head and minimize exposure.

Answer 157

Check blood glucose levels at 1 hour after birth, before feedings, and with any signs of hypoglycemia.

Answer 158

Provide early breastfeeding or formula supplementation.

Answer 159

Notify the provider promptly.

Answer 160

Visually assess for jaundice.

Answer 161

If bilirubin exceeds treatment thresholds.

Answer 162

Frequently.

Answer 163

Keep it clean and dry.

Answer 164

Every 3-4 days using a gentle technique.

Answer 165

Follow all security measures to prevent abduction.

Answer 166

Practice rigorous hand hygiene and sterile technique.

Answer 167

Hydration status.

Answer 168

Proper techniques

Answer 169

Dorsal penile nerve block, ring block with local anesthetic, or topical anesthetic cream like EMLA ## Footnote Acetaminophen should also be given before and after for post-procedural pain control.

Answer 170

Sucrose, pacifiers, low lighting, and soothing sounds ## Footnote These methods can help comfort the infant during the procedure.

Answer 171

Gomco clamp technique ## Footnote In this technique, the foreskin is separated from the glans and a clamp is applied to crush the foreskin before excision.

Answer 172

Plastibell device ## Footnote This device secures the foreskin with a plastic ring until it sloughs off.

Answer 173

Obtain informed consent, ensure vitamin K has been given, have supplies ready, position the infant securely, provide comfort measures during the procedure, monitor for bleeding/complications ## Footnote These are critical steps to ensure the safety and comfort of the infant.

Answer 174

Excessive bleeding, infection (redness, swelling, purulent drainage), poor urinary stream, injury to the glans, adhesions or skin bridges forming ## Footnote Monitoring for these signs is important for early intervention.

Answer 175

Hepatitis B vaccine ## Footnote It is given as the first dose in the hepatitis B vaccine series.

Answer 176

Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) ## Footnote This should be given within 12 hours of birth.

Answer 177

1-2 months and 6 months of age ## Footnote Proper administration of the birth dose and series is crucial for prevention.

Answer 178

Hearing screening ## Footnote This can be done using auditory brainstem response or otoacoustic emissions testing.

Answer 179

Further evaluation and possible early intervention services ## Footnote Early detection is key for effective management.

Answer 180

A blood sample is taken to screen for genetic/metabolic disorders ## Footnote This includes disorders like phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, and galactosemia.

Answer 181

Prompt treatment to prevent complications ## Footnote Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.

Answer 182

Pulse oximetry screening ## Footnote This is usually done with the metabolic screen.

Answer 183

Low oxygen levels that may indicate a CCHD ## Footnote Examples include hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Answer 184

* Term infant * Appropriate for gestational age * Normal physical exam * Stable vital signs * Successful feedings * Passed urine/stool * Bleeding from circumcision resolved * Newborn screening tests completed * No significant jaundice or follow-up plan in place * Mother able to provide adequate care ## Footnote These criteria ensure the newborn is ready for discharge.

Answer 185

Within 1-4 days ## Footnote This helps to ensure the newborn's health is monitored early.

Answer 186

Adequate support system ## Footnote This includes resources on infant care, breastfeeding, and signs of illness.

Answer 187

Proper infant car seat use ## Footnote Ensuring safety during transport is crucial.

Answer 188

Liquid that fills the lungs of the fetus, removed during the first breaths after birth.

Answer 189

Substance produced by type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the lungs, preventing alveolar collapse.

Answer 190

Allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the fetal liver and enter the inferior vena cava.

Answer 191

Opening between the atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs.

Answer 192

Blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus, bypassing the lungs.

Answer 193

Impaired gas exchange leading to hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Answer 194

Heat production by metabolism of brown fat without shivering.

Answer 195

Special fat that generates heat to maintain body temperature in newborns.

Answer 196

Bluish discoloration of the extremities due to peripheral vasoconstriction.

Answer 197

Yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells.

Answer 198

Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.

Answer 199

Neurological damage caused by bilirubin deposition in the brain.

Answer 200

Yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to elevated bilirubin.

Answer 201

Excess concentration of red blood cells.

Answer 202

First intestinal discharge composed of debris from swallowed amniotic fluid.

Answer 203

Period of wakefulness after birth lasting 30-60 minutes.

Answer 204

Period of increased wakefulness 4-6 hours after birth.

Answer 205

Protective white cheesy substance coating the fetal skin.

Answer 206

Fine downy hair covering the fetal body.

Answer 207

Small white bumps on the face caused by blocked pores.

Answer 208

Rash with yellow or white papules surrounded by redness.

Answer 209

Asymmetric pinkish-red coloration of the body.

Answer 210

Irregular patchy discoloration of the skin.

Answer 211

Flat, grayish-brown birthmarks.

Answer 212

Small, raised reddish birthmarks.

Answer 213

Flat, pink or reddish birthmarks.

Answer 214

Raised, reddish-purple birthmarks.

Answer 215

Light brown birthmarks.

Answer 216

Lung expansion and removal of fetal lung fluid ## Footnote This process is crucial for establishing normal breathing patterns in newborns.

Answer 217

Functional residual capacity ## Footnote This refers to the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.

Answer 218

Pulmonary vasodilation ## Footnote This allows more blood to enter the lungs for oxygenation.

Answer 219

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus ## Footnote These shunts are critical for fetal circulation and must close after birth to establish normal circulation.

Answer 220

* Radiation * Convection * Conduction * Evaporation ## Footnote These methods are important to consider for maintaining a newborn's body temperature.

Answer 221

* Increased oxygen consumption and metabolic rate * Peripheral vasoconstriction * Acrocyanosis ## Footnote Cold stress can lead to significant physiological responses in newborns that may require intervention.

Answer 222

* Prematurity * Hemolytic disease * Bruising/cephalohematoma * Cold stress/hypoglycemia ## Footnote Elevated bilirubin can lead to jaundice in newborns, necessitating close monitoring.

Answer 223

Mild, harmless jaundice peaking around 3-5 days due to immaturity of liver enzymes. Levels usually <12 mg/dL. ## Footnote It is a normal occurrence in newborns.

Answer 224

Caused by hemolytic disease, infections, metabolic disorders. Requires evaluation and possible treatment. ## Footnote This type of jaundice is often more serious than physiologic jaundice.

Answer 225

Jaundice appearing in the first week, often due to caloric deprivation or dehydration. Resolves with increased feeding. ## Footnote It highlights the importance of regular feeding in newborns.

Answer 226

Jaundice appearing after the first week, peaking around 3 weeks to 3 months, caused by substance(s) in breast milk. Usually resolves without treatment. ## Footnote This condition is distinct from breastfeeding jaundice.

Answer 227

Fluid lost through the skin and respiratory tract that cannot be measured directly. Higher in newborns due to larger body surface area. ## Footnote Newborns are particularly vulnerable to dehydration.

Answer 228

Newborns have limited ability to concentrate urine, increasing risk of dehydration. ## Footnote This limited ability is due to immature renal function.

Answer 229

Newborns have limited ability to conserve sodium and water, increasing risk of electrolyte imbalances like hypernatremia. ## Footnote Monitoring is crucial for maintaining proper electrolyte levels.

Answer 230

The most abundant antibody, transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy to provide passive immunity for the first 6 months. Predominant in secondary immune responses. ## Footnote IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity.

Answer 231

The first antibody produced in a primary immune response. Large pentameric structure confined to intravascular spaces. ## Footnote IgM is essential for initial immune defense.

Answer 232

Found in bodily secretions as secretory IgA, protecting mucosal surfaces from pathogens. Dimeric structure with secretory component. ## Footnote IgA is vital for mucosal immunity.

Answer 233

Eyes closed, regular breathing, no eye movements. ## Footnote Deep sleep is characterized by a state of rest where the individual is unresponsive to external stimuli.

Answer 234

Some eye movements, irregular breathing and sucking movements. ## Footnote Light sleep is a transitional phase between wakefulness and deeper stages of sleep.

Answer 235

Eyes open briefly, then close again. Dull, glazed look. ## Footnote This state indicates the individual is in a semi-conscious state, often transitioning to sleep.

Answer 236

Eyes brighten and move about, appears awake and attentive. ## Footnote Quiet alert is a state of readiness where the individual is engaged and responsive.

Answer 237

Moves arms and legs, shows excitement by crying or body activity. ## Footnote This state is marked by high levels of activity and engagement with the environment.

Answer 238

Vigorous body movement, crying loudly, difficult to console. ## Footnote Crying is often a response to discomfort or need, indicating a heightened state of distress.

Answer 239

Rapid, shallow breathing over 60 breaths/min, a sign of respiratory distress.

Answer 240

Inward movement of intercostal spaces, supraclavicular and subcostal regions with breathing efforts, indicating increased work of breathing.

Answer 241

Widening of nostrils with inspiration, another sign of respiratory distress.

Answer 242

Bluish discoloration of skin, mucous membranes and nail beds due to lack of oxygen.

Answer 243

Grunting sound on expiration, a compensatory mechanism to keep alveoli open.

Answer 244

Paradoxical inward movement of abdomen with outward chest movement on inspiration, a sign of severe respiratory distress.

Answer 245

Unequal chest expansion, may indicate pneumothorax or diaphragmatic hernia.

Answer 246

Congenital blocked nasal passage, an obstructive airway anomaly.

Answer 247

97.7-99.5°F (36.5-37.5°C), low temperatures may indicate cold stress.

Answer 248

30-60 breaths/min, monitor rate, rhythm, effort.

Answer 249

100-180 beats/min, bradycardia or tachycardia may signify distress.

Answer 250

60-90/30-60 mmHg, lower limits may indicate hypovolemia.

Answer 251

2700-4000 g (6-9 lbs), monitor for appropriate weight gain.

Answer 252

48-53 cm (19-21 inches), measure recumbent length.

Answer 253

33-35 cm (13-14 inches), larger may suggest hydrocephalus.

Answer 254

Flexed position is normal.

Answer 255

Lusty, vigorous cry.

Answer 256

Smooth, pink, well-perfused skin.

Answer 257

Elongated shape from birth canal, resolves in 1-2 days.

Answer 258

Gaps between skull bones that allow molding.

Answer 259

Soft spots where skull bones meet, feel for pulsations.

Answer 260

Diffuse swelling from pressure, resolves in 2-3 days.

Answer 261

Fluctuant swelling from bleeding under periosteum.

Answer 262

May indicate chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 263

Facial features should be symmetric without dysmorphic features.

Answer 264

Edematous eyelids and subconjunctival hemorrhages, which should resolve.

Answer 265

Nostrils should be patent and oval-shaped.

Answer 266

Inspect for incomplete fusion of the lip and/or palate, one of the most common congenital craniofacial defects.

Answer 267

Small keratin-filled cysts on the gum ridges and palate, normal and resolve spontaneously.

Answer 268

The infant should demonstrate a coordinated sucking, swallowing, and breathing pattern.

Answer 269

Palpate for crepitus or asymmetry.

Answer 270

Expansion should be symmetric without retractions.

Answer 271

Thick, mucoid vaginal discharge is normal due to withdrawal of maternal estrogens.

Answer 272

Fluid collection around the testicle causing swelling of the scrotum.

Answer 273

Undescended testicle(s), may be inguinal, abdominal or ectopic.

Answer 274

Urethral opening on underside of penis instead of the tip.

Answer 275

Ventral curvature of the penis due to short urethral plate.

Answer 276

A congenital condition where two or more digits are fused together by soft tissue, bone, or both.

Answer 277

A congenital condition where there are extra digits present, either fully formed or partially formed.

Answer 278

Hip instability by applying gentle posterior force to the hip joint.

Answer 279

Relocates a dislocated hip by applying gentle anterior force.

Answer 280

Incomplete closure of the vertebral column, ranging from mild to severe.

Answer 281

Protrusion of the meninges through a vertebral defect.

Answer 282

Severe form where the meninges and part of the spinal cord protrude through a vertebral defect.

Answer 283

Small midline indentations or pits over the lower spine that may indicate an underlying spinal cord abnormality.

Answer 284

When an infant is startled by a loud noise or movement, they extend their arms and legs outward and then bring them back in, as if embracing.

Answer 285

When the corner of the infant's mouth is stroked, they turn their head and open their mouth to seek the breast or bottle.

Answer 286

Infants have an innate ability to suck when their mouth area is stimulated.

Answer 287

When an object is placed in the palm of an infant's hand, their fingers automatically close in a grasping motion.

Answer 288

Occurs when the sole of the foot is stroked, causing the toes to flex.

Answer 289

When the infant's head turns to one side, the arm on that side extends while the opposite arm bends.

Answer 290

Similar to tonic neck, but the leg on the same side as the extended arm also extends.

Answer 291

When the sole of the foot is stroked, the toes fan out and the foot dorsiflexes.

Answer 292

When the infant is pulled to a sitting position, the head lags behind due to lack of neck muscle strength.

Answer 293

Ability to flex and extend the wrist, indicating maturity of flexor muscle tone. ## Footnote A square window shape is formed when the wrist is flexed.

Answer 294

More mature flexor tone. ## Footnote The popliteal angle is formed behind the knee when the hip and knee are flexed.

Answer 295

Hamstring flexibility and maturity. ## Footnote This test involves bringing the heel close to the ear when the hip and knee are flexed.

Answer 296

Flexor tone maturity. ## Footnote The degree of recoil or return to flexion position is measured when the arm is extended and released.

Answer 297

Adductor muscle tone by how easily the elbows can be moved across the chest midline. ## Footnote This test evaluates muscle tone in the upper body.

Answer 298

Shoulder mobility and muscle tone. ## Footnote It assesses the ability to pull the elbows across the neck/chin.

Answer 299

Opaqueness, stickiness, and presence of peeling/cracking. ## Footnote These characteristics decrease with maturity.

Answer 300

Fine body hair, thickest around 22 weeks gestation. ## Footnote Lanugo sheds with increasing maturity.

Answer 301

Creases on foot soles which deepen as maturity increases. ## Footnote The depth of creases is an indicator of gestational age.

Answer 302

Size and maturity of breast node/bud development. ## Footnote This is an indicator of physical maturity.

Answer 303

Fusion of pinna, formation of cartilage in the ear, and residual leakage from eyes. ## Footnote These factors indicate maturity in the eye and ear structures.

Answer 304

Testicular descent and scrotal thickness. ## Footnote This evaluation is specific to male infants.

Answer 305

Sizes of clitoris and labia. ## Footnote This evaluation is specific to female infants.

Answer 306

Deepening of gluteal folds as subcutaneous tissue increases with maturity. ## Footnote The presence of deeper creases is a sign of physical maturity.

Answer 307

Failure of the uterus to contract properly after delivery, which can lead to postpartum hemorrhage. ## Footnote Uterine atony is a significant cause of postpartum hemorrhage.

Answer 308

Localized collections of blood outside the blood vessels, often caused by trauma during delivery. ## Footnote Hematomas can complicate recovery after childbirth.

Answer 309

Tearing of the vaginal tissue, perineum, or cervix that can occur during childbirth. ## Footnote Lacerations may require surgical repair.

Answer 310

Delayed return of the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size after delivery. ## Footnote Subinvolution can lead to prolonged postpartum bleeding.

Answer 311

Life-threatening condition caused by severe blood and fluid loss, leading to inadequate organ perfusion. ## Footnote Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

Answer 312

A stationary blood clot that forms within a blood vessel. ## Footnote Thrombi can lead to serious complications if they obstruct blood flow.

Answer 313

Inflammation of a vein associated with a thrombus or blood clot. ## Footnote Thrombophlebitis can cause pain and swelling in the affected area.

Answer 314

A detached thrombus or other matter (e.g. air, amniotic fluid) that travels through the bloodstream. ## Footnote Emboli can lead to serious conditions like pulmonary embolism.

Answer 315

A blockage in the pulmonary artery or its branches, often caused by a dislodged thrombus. ## Footnote Pulmonary embolism is a critical condition that can lead to death.

Answer 316

A blood clot in a vein close to the surface of the skin. ## Footnote Superficial vein thrombosis is generally less serious than deep vein thrombosis.

Answer 317

A blood clot that forms within the deep veins, often in the legs or pelvic region. ## Footnote Deep vein thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism if the clot dislodges.

Answer 318

Any bacterial infection of the genital tract after childbirth or miscarriage. ## Footnote Puerperal infections can complicate the postpartum period.

Answer 319

Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus, often caused by bacterial infection after delivery. ## Footnote Endometritis can lead to severe symptoms and requires treatment.

Answer 320

Inflammatory condition of the breast, usually associated with infection during breastfeeding. ## Footnote Mastitis can cause pain and may require antibiotics.

Answer 321

Infection and inflammation of the uterine muscle wall after childbirth. ## Footnote Metritis is a serious condition that can lead to systemic infection.

Answer 322

A rare but severe mental illness that can develop suddenly after childbirth, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and mood disturbances. ## Footnote Postpartum psychosis requires immediate psychiatric intervention.

Answer 323

A type of bipolar disorder involving periods of severe depression alternating with periods of hypomania (less severe than mania). ## Footnote Bipolar II Disorder can be challenging to diagnose and manage.

Answer 324

Various anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder, that can develop or worsen after childbirth. ## Footnote Postpartum anxiety disorders can significantly impact a mother's well-being and family dynamics.

Answer 325

A condition where the uterus fails to contract properly after childbirth, leading to excessive bleeding. ## Footnote Uterine atony is one of the most common causes of postpartum hemorrhage.

Answer 326

* Over-distention of the uterus * Multiparity * Obesity ## Footnote Other factors include prolonged or precipitous labor, induction or augmentation of labor with oxytocin, and retained placental fragments.

Answer 327

* Boggy, soft uterine fundus above umbilicus * Excessive vaginal bleeding * Clots or tissue expelled from vagina * Hypotension * Tachycardia * Dizziness ## Footnote These manifestations indicate signs of hypovolemia.

Answer 328

massage fundus to stimulate contractions.

Answer 329

* Oxytocin * Methylergonovine * Misoprostol ## Footnote These are uterotonic medications that help stimulate uterine contractions.

Answer 330

For volume replacement ## Footnote This is crucial for treating hypovolemia caused by excessive bleeding.

Answer 331

* Exploratory curettage * B-Lynch suture * Hysterectomy ## Footnote These interventions are options if conservative measures are ineffective.

Answer 332

* Vital signs * Fundal tone * Lochia ## Footnote Monitoring these parameters helps assess the patient's condition and response to treatment.

Answer 333

Uterine atony ## Footnote Uterine atony refers to the lack of muscle tone in the uterus, which can lead to excessive bleeding after childbirth.

Answer 334

Lacerations and hematomas ## Footnote Trauma during delivery can result in lacerations or hematomas that may lead to significant blood loss.

Answer 335

Coagulation defects

Answer 336

Uterine inversion occurs when the uterus turns inside out during or after delivery, leading to hemorrhage.

Answer 337

Placenta previa and placental abruption ## Footnote Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers the cervix, while placental abruption is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterus.

Answer 338

Prolonged or augmented labor

Answer 339

Chorioamnionitis

Answer 340

Obesity and advanced maternal age ## Footnote Both obesity and advanced maternal age can complicate pregnancy and delivery, increasing the risk of hemorrhage.

Answer 341

Oxytocin ## Footnote Oxytocin is often administered to stimulate uterine contractions and reduce bleeding.

Answer 342

hypertension

Answer 343

Synthetic prostaglandin F2α analog

Answer 344

Orally or sublingually

Answer 345

Venous stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability ## Footnote These components predispose individuals to thrombosis.

Answer 346

* Immobility * Heart failure * Bedrest ## Footnote These factors can lead to poor blood flow and increased risk of thrombus formation.

Answer 347

* Trauma * Infection * IV infusions ## Footnote Endothelial injury can disrupt the normal function of blood vessels and promote clotting.

Answer 348

* Inherited coagulation disorders * Cancer * Hormones ## Footnote Certain conditions can increase the likelihood of clot formation.

Answer 349

* Advanced age * Obesity * Smoking * Surgery * COVID-19 ## Footnote These factors can further contribute to the risk of developing thrombus.

Answer 350

* Immobility/bedrest * Recent surgery or trauma * Cancer * Pregnancy * Obesity * Oral contraceptives or hormone therapy * Prior history of DVT ## Footnote These factors significantly increase the risk of DVT.

Answer 351

* Unilateral leg pain * Tenderness * Swelling * Warmth and erythema of affected limb * Distended superficial veins ## Footnote Symptoms may vary by individual but typically include these signs.

Answer 352

* Anticoagulation therapy * Compression stockings * Ambulation * Leg elevation * Pain management ## Footnote These strategies aim to prevent complications and alleviate symptoms.

Answer 353

Anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin ## Footnote Heparin is commonly used to prevent and treat thromboembolic events.

Answer 354

Protamine sulfate ## Footnote This antidote is used to reverse the effects of heparin in cases of overdose.

Answer 355

Oral anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K ## Footnote Warfarin is used for long-term management of thromboembolic disorders.

Answer 356

Vitamin K ## Footnote Administering vitamin K can reverse the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.

Answer 357

A blockage in one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat, air, or tumor tissue ## Footnote This condition can severely impair oxygenation and lung function.

Answer 358

* Obstructed blood flow * Ventilation-perfusion mismatch * Hypoxemia * Pulmonary hypertension * Right ventricular strain * Potential infarction ## Footnote These effects can lead to serious complications and require urgent treatment.

Answer 359

* Sudden onset shortness of breath * Pleuritic chest pain * Cough (may be bloody) * Tachypnea * Tachycardia * Hypoxemia * Low blood pressure * Anxiety * Diaphoresis * Cyanosis ## Footnote Symptoms of PE can be acute and severe, requiring immediate medical attention.

Answer 360

* Anticoagulation (heparin, enoxaparin, warfarin) * Thrombolytics (alteplase, tenecteplase) * Embolectomy or thrombectomy * Vena cava filter placement * Oxygen therapy * Analgesia ## Footnote These treatments aim to manage the embolism and restore normal blood flow.

Answer 361

* Monitor vital signs * Oxygenation * Cardiac rhythm * Administer oxygen and anticoagulants as prescribed * Provide emotional support * Breathing techniques * Encourage ambulation when stable * Patient education on anticoagulation and risk factor modification ## Footnote Comprehensive nursing care is crucial for patient recovery and education.

Answer 362

Bacterial infection of the endometrium, often following childbirth, abortion, or gynecological procedures. Risk factors include prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, frequent vaginal exams, cesarean delivery.

Answer 363

Fever, uterine tenderness, foul-smelling lochia, tachycardia, malaise, anorexia.

Answer 364

Intravenous antibiotics (e.g. gentamicin and clindamycin), antipyretics, oxytocics to promote uterine drainage and involution.

Answer 365

Monitor vital signs, assess lochia, provide comfort measures (heat, hydration, nutrition). Teach signs of worsening condition, medication effects, treatment adherence. Support breastfeeding/pumping if separated from infant. Assess for impaired maternal-infant attachment.

Answer 366

Invasion of wound tissues by microorganisms, often from contaminated instruments, healthcare personnel, air, or the patient's own body flora. Risk factors include poor wound care, immunocompromise, diabetes, malnutrition.

Answer 367

Erythema, increased drainage (purulent, foul-smelling), warmth, edema, pain at wound site. May have fever, elevated white blood cell count.

Answer 368

Wound cultures to identify causative organism. Antibiotics (oral or IV) based on culture results. Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue. Proper wound care and dressing changes.

Answer 369

Assess wound characteristics (drainage, odor, surrounding skin). Monitor vital signs. Obtain wound cultures as ordered. Administer antibiotics as prescribed. Provide wound care per protocol - cleansing, packing, dressing changes. Educate on signs of worsening infection. Promote nutrition, glycemic control if diabetic.

Answer 370

UTIs occur when bacteria, usually from the skin or rectum, enter the urinary tract and multiply. Risk factors include indwelling catheters, pregnancy, poor hygiene, and structural abnormalities.

Answer 371

Dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria, suprapubic pain. May have fever, chills, flank pain if pyelonephritis.

Answer 372

Antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity (e.g. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, fluoroquinolones). Duration depends on complicated vs uncomplicated UTI. Increased fluids.

Answer 373

Monitor intake/output, encourage fluids. Provide perineal care, avoid irritants. Administer antibiotics as prescribed. Teach signs of complications. For catheter-associated UTI, remove indwelling catheter if possible.

Answer 374

Bacterial infection of the breast tissue, often caused by staphylococci entering through cracked nipples or milk ducts in lactating women. Can also occur in non-lactating women.

Answer 375

Localized breast pain, redness, swelling, warmth, fever, chills, malaise. Axillary lymph node enlargement and tenderness may occur.

Answer 376

Antibiotic therapy, pain medication, warm compresses. Surgical drainage if abscess forms. Continued breastfeeding or pumping to prevent milk stasis.

Answer 377

Provide breastfeeding support and education on proper latch/positioning. Encourage frequent feeding/pumping, avoid engorgement. Apply warm compresses before feeding. Ensure mother completes full antibiotic course. Monitor for complications like abscess formation.

Answer 378

Infection of the pelvic veins, often following childbirth or pelvic surgery. Risk factors include prolonged labor, retained products of conception, and pelvic infection.

Answer 379

Fever, lower abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, tachycardia, malaise. May have pelvic or leg swelling/tenderness from thrombosis.

Answer 380

Intravenous antibiotics, anticoagulants if thrombosis present, possible surgical drainage of infected thrombophlebitic veins.

Answer 381

Monitor vital signs, assess abdomen/pelvis. Provide comfort measures like heat, hydration, positioning. Administer medications as prescribed. Educate on medication management, signs of complications. Encourage ambulation when stable.

Answer 382

Hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, history of depression, lack of social support ## Footnote These factors may interact in complex ways, influencing the likelihood and severity of depression.

Answer 383

* Depressed mood * Loss of interest/pleasure * Feelings of worthlessness/guilt * Sleep disturbances * Appetite disturbances * Fatigue * Difficulty bonding with infant ## Footnote Symptoms must last at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of depression.

Answer 384

* Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral, interpersonal) * Antidepressant medications (SSRIs, SNRIs) * Social support * Self-care strategies * Brexanolone ## Footnote Brexanolone is a new medication specifically developed for postpartum depression.

Answer 385

* Screen for symptoms * Provide emotional support * Educate on self-care * Facilitate mother-infant bonding * Monitor medication effects/side effects * Encourage involvement of partner/family * Make mental health referrals as needed ## Footnote These considerations aim to support the mother’s mental health and promote positive outcomes for both mother and infant.

Answer 386

The postpartum period, typically lasting 6-8 weeks after childbirth ## Footnote During this time, the reproductive organs return to their pre-pregnancy state.

Answer 387

The process of the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and weight after childbirth ## Footnote Involution is essential for the recovery of the mother's body post-delivery.

Answer 388

The mucosal lining of the uterus that is shed during childbirth ## Footnote This process is part of the normal postpartum recovery.

Answer 389

The shedding or peeling off of the decidua from the uterine wall ## Footnote This is a natural part of the postpartum process.

Answer 390

The top, rounded portion of the uterus felt through the abdomen after childbirth ## Footnote The fundus can be assessed to monitor uterine involution.

Answer 391

Delayed or incomplete involution of the uterus after childbirth ## Footnote This condition can lead to complications such as postpartum hemorrhage.

Answer 392

Painful sexual intercourse ## Footnote This can occur postpartum due to various physical and emotional factors.

Answer 393

Lack of adequate uterine muscle tone and contractions after childbirth ## Footnote Uterine atony can lead to postpartum hemorrhage, a serious condition.

Answer 394

Separation of the rectus abdominis (abdominal) muscles along the linea alba during pregnancy ## Footnote This condition may affect abdominal strength and appearance postpartum.

Answer 395

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates and maintains milk production ## Footnote Prolactin levels are crucial for breastfeeding.

Answer 396

An injection of Rh immunoglobulin given to Rh-negative mothers after the birth of an Rh-positive baby ## Footnote This prevents Rh sensitization in future pregnancies.

Answer 397

Rubor, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation of wound edges ## Footnote REEDA is used to assess postpartum recovery.

Answer 398

The formation of a close emotional attachment between a mother and her newborn ## Footnote Bonding is critical for the emotional development of the infant.

Answer 399

The deep, lasting emotional connection that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver(s) ## Footnote This bond influences the child's emotional and social development.

Answer 400

Behaviors exhibited by both the infant and caregiver that promote bonding and attachment ## Footnote These behaviors can include eye contact, smiling, and cooing.

Answer 401

When an infant's face is oriented directly towards the mother's face during interaction ## Footnote This position facilitates bonding and communication.

Answer 402

An infant's exploratory behavior of touching the mother's face with their fingers ## Footnote This behavior is part of the infant's development and bonding process.

Answer 403

False ## Footnote Postpartum blues are mild, temporary mood disturbances generally resolving without clinical intervention.

Answer 404

Reddish or red-brown lochia for the first 3 days after childbirth, consisting mostly of blood and decidual debris. ## Footnote Lochia rubra is the initial discharge after childbirth, indicating the body's process of healing and shedding uterine lining.

Answer 405

Pinkish or brown-tinged lochia from around day 4, containing serous fluid, red blood cells, white blood cells, and tissue debris. ## Footnote Lochia serosa signifies the transition in the postpartum healing process.

Answer 406

White, cream or light yellow lochia from around day 10, containing white blood cells, epithelial cells, and cervical mucus. ## Footnote Lochia alba indicates the later stages of postpartum recovery.

Answer 407

Injury to the vaginal mucosa. ## Footnote First-degree lacerations are the least severe type of perineal injury during childbirth.

Answer 408

Injury extending into the vaginal musculature. ## Footnote Second-degree lacerations require more extensive healing compared to first-degree.

Answer 409

Injury extending into the anal sphincter muscles. ## Footnote Third-degree lacerations can impact bowel control and may require surgical intervention.

Answer 410

Injury extending through the anal sphincter into the anorectal mucosa. ## Footnote Fourth-degree lacerations are the most severe and involve significant recovery.

Answer 411

Increases by 30-50% during pregnancy, begins decreasing after delivery but remains elevated for 1-2 weeks. ## Footnote This increase supports the demands of pregnancy and recovery.

Answer 412

Increases by 40-50% during pregnancy, returns to pre-pregnancy levels by 2-3 weeks postpartum. ## Footnote The return to normal plasma volume is crucial for maternal health.

Answer 413

Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decrease during pregnancy due to hemodilution, begin returning to normal postpartum. ## Footnote Monitoring these values is essential for detecting anemia.

Answer 414

Given to Rh-negative mothers after delivery of Rh-positive infant to prevent isoimmunization. ## Footnote This is critical in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Answer 415

Increased clotting factors during pregnancy return to normal 3-6 weeks postpartum. ## Footnote This change reduces the risk of thromboembolic events.

Answer 416

Constipation and hemorrhoids common due to decreased GI motility during pregnancy. ## Footnote Addressing these issues can improve maternal comfort.

Answer 417

Bladder tone and control improve as uterus involutes. ## Footnote This return to normal function is important for urinary health.

Answer 418

Abdominal muscle diastasis, pelvic floor weakness, joint laxity improve gradually. ## Footnote These changes require time and often physical therapy for recovery.

Answer 419

Striae, chloasma, spider angiomas fade over time. ## Footnote Skin changes are common and often resolve with time.

Answer 420

Carpal tunnel syndrome and lower extremity edema resolve. ## Footnote These symptoms are often related to fluid retention and hormonal changes.

Answer 421

Prolactin levels elevated to establish lactation, gradual return of menses over 6-12 weeks. ## Footnote Prolactin is essential for milk production.

Answer 422

The MMR vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women who are not immune to rubella. ## Footnote This helps prevent congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.

Answer 423

During the third trimester of each pregnancy. ## Footnote This allows transfer of pertussis antibodies to the newborn.

Answer 424

The inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended during flu season. ## Footnote This helps prevent influenza complications in the mother and potential adverse effects on the baby.

Answer 425

Temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure ## Footnote Monitoring these vital signs is crucial in assessing the patient's health status postpartum.

Answer 426

Fundal height, firmness, position ## Footnote This assessment helps monitor uterine involution and rule out hemorrhage.

Answer 427

Lacerations, hematomas, edema, episiotomy healing ## Footnote Inspecting these factors is vital for ensuring proper healing and identifying complications.

Answer 428

Adequate urinary output and ability to void ## Footnote This prevents urinary retention and potential complications.

Answer 429

Engorgement, cracked nipples, mastitis ## Footnote Assessing these conditions is important for breastfeeding support and maternal comfort.

Answer 430

Edema, tenderness, redness ## Footnote These assessments help rule out thrombophlebitis or thromboembolism.

Answer 431

Ice packs, sitz baths, perineal care, topical medications, sitting measures, analgesics ## Footnote These measures help reduce swelling and pain, promoting healing.

Answer 432

Cleanse and promote healing ## Footnote Warm water soaks can provide comfort and aid recovery.

Answer 433

Encourage voiding every 2-3 hours, provide privacy and running water, monitor urinary output ## Footnote These actions help facilitate normal bladder function.

Answer 434

Early ambulation, leg exercises, anti-embolism stockings, anticoagulant therapy ## Footnote These preventive measures are essential for reducing the risk of thromboembolic events.

Answer 435

Analgesics as ordered, non-pharmacologic methods like positioning and relaxation techniques ## Footnote Non-pharmacologic methods include techniques such as deep breathing, distraction, and relaxation exercises.

Answer 436

Respiratory rate, encourage coughing/deep breathing exercises ## Footnote This helps prevent atelectasis and pneumonia.

Answer 437

Firmness, tenderness, distension, characteristics of dressing, lochia, fundal height/position ## Footnote These assessments help in evaluating the healing process and identifying potential complications.

Answer 438

Measure intake accurately, monitor urine output via catheter or voiding ## Footnote This is essential to detect urinary retention or hemorrhage.

Answer 439

Teach proper handwashing technique to prevent infection ## Footnote Proper handwashing involves washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Answer 440

Breastfeeding positions, pumping/storing milk if needed ## Footnote Proper techniques can help ensure successful breastfeeding.

Answer 441

Medication, breast binding ## Footnote Breast binding should be done carefully to avoid discomfort.

Answer 442

Incision care, signs of infection, activity restrictions ## Footnote Signs of infection include increased redness, swelling, or discharge.

Answer 443

Perineal hygiene, use of sitz baths, peri-pads for comfort ## Footnote Sitz baths can help with pain relief and healing.

Answer 444

Pelvic floor exercises to promote healing ## Footnote Kegel exercises strengthen pelvic muscles and can improve recovery.

Answer 445

Encourage adequate rest and sleep when baby sleeps ## Footnote This helps in recovery and managing fatigue.

Answer 446

Balanced diet with extra calories/fluids ## Footnote Increased caloric intake supports milk production.

Answer 447

Increasing fiber, fluids, stool softeners for constipation ## Footnote Constipation is a common issue after cesarean delivery.

Answer 448

Proper lifting, logrolling ## Footnote This helps prevent injury and promotes healing.

Answer 449

When ready, discuss birth control options ## Footnote Patients should feel comfortable and healed before resuming sexual activity.

Answer 450

Postpartum and newborn follow-ups ## Footnote These appointments are crucial for monitoring recovery and infant health.

Answer 451

Fever, heavy bleeding, severe pain, breathing issues ## Footnote These symptoms may indicate complications that require medical attention.

Answer 452

The mother is focused inward, recovering physically and emotionally from the birth experience and may seem passive.

Answer 453

The mother becomes more independent, assumes responsibility for her care and the infant's, and seeks information about newborn behaviors.

Answer 454

The mother and father relinquish previous roles and idealized expectations, potentially grieving the loss of their former lifestyle.

Answer 455

Vital signs stable, Lochia normal, Fundus firm, Able to void, Ambulating without dizziness, Healing episiotomy/lacerations, Understanding of self and infant care.

Answer 456

Stable vital signs, Adequate feeding, Normal voiding/stooling patterns, No signs of illness, Screening tests completed, Proper car seat, Follow-up appointments scheduled.

Answer 457

Difficult labor or delivery.

Answer 458

Excess amniotic fluid.

Answer 459

Deficient amniotic fluid.

Answer 460

Contractions are infrequent and lack intensity.

Answer 461

Excessive uterine muscle tone with little relaxation between contractions.

Answer 462

Baseline muscle tone of the uterus between contractions.

Answer 463

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.

Answer 464

Medication that inhibits uterine contractions.

Answer 465

Excessive birthweight of a newborn.

Answer 466

Complication where the shoulders get stuck after head delivery.

Answer 467

Mismatch between fetal head size and maternal pelvis.

Answer 468

Procedure to turn a breech baby to vertex presentation.

Answer 469

Tearing of the uterine muscle, potentially life-threatening.

Answer 470

Abnormally slow progress of labor.

Answer 471

Extremely rapid labor and delivery.

Answer 472

Premature rupture of membranes.

Answer 473

PROM before 37 weeks gestation.

Answer 474

Infection of the amniotic fluid and placental tissues.

Answer 475

Labor beginning before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 476

Risk of preterm birth.

Answer 477

Pregnancy lasting beyond 42 weeks gestation.

Answer 478

Abnormal adherence of placenta to uterine wall.

Answer 479

Placenta invades into the myometrium.

Answer 480

Placenta penetrates through the uterine wall.

Answer 481

Umbilical cord descends before the fetus.

Answer 482

Severe reaction to medications used during labor.

Answer 483

* Maternal fatigue * Dehydration * Electrolyte imbalances * Hypoglycemia * Anemia * Uterine overdistention * Ineffective pain management * Epidural analgesia ## Footnote These factors can contribute to the failure of uterine contractions to effectively facilitate labor.

Answer 484

* Inadequate pain relief * Maternal exhaustion * Improper pushing technique * Fear of injury * Lack of encouragement or coaching * Anesthesia effects like epidural ## Footnote Addressing these issues can help improve the effectiveness of maternal pushing during labor.

Answer 485

* Fetal hypoxia * Fetal acidosis * Meconium aspiration * Birth injuries ## Footnote These complications can arise due to prolonged or ineffective labor.

Answer 486

* Maternal fever * Fetal tachycardia * Uterine tenderness * Foul-smelling vaginal discharge ## Footnote Recognizing these signs is critical for timely intervention during labor.

Answer 487

The exact cause is often unknown, but risk factors include: * Infection * Smoking * Previous PROM * Cervical incompetence * Polyhydramnios ## Footnote These factors can contribute to the weakening of the membranes.

Answer 488

Leakage of amniotic fluid from the vagina before labor begins. ## Footnote This can indicate potential complications for both mother and fetus.

Answer 489

Antibiotics are administered. ## Footnote This is to prevent further complications from the infection.

Answer 490

Corticosteroids are used. ## Footnote This helps in the development of the fetal lungs.

Answer 491

Nursing considerations include: * Monitor fetal heart rate * Monitor temperature * Monitor signs of chorioamnionitis * Provide emotional support and education * Encourage fluid intake * Monitor intake/output * Prepare for possible preterm birth ## Footnote These actions help ensure the safety and health of both the mother and fetus.

Answer 492

Risk factors include: * Maternal age <18 or >40 years * Low socioeconomic status * Previous preterm delivery * Intrauterine infections * Polyhydramnios * Multiple gestation * Uterine anomalies * Antepartum hemorrhage * Smoking * Drug use * Urinary tract infections * Incompetent cervix ## Footnote These factors can increase the likelihood of labor starting prematurely.

Answer 493

Manifestations include: * Uterine contractions * Cervical changes (effacement, dilation) ## Footnote These signs indicate that the body is preparing for labor.

Answer 494

Tocolytics are used to inhibit contractions. ## Footnote This helps delay delivery and allows for further fetal development.

Answer 495

Corticosteroids are administered to aid fetal lung maturity. ## Footnote This is critical for reducing respiratory complications in preterm infants.

Answer 496

Nursing considerations include: * Assess for signs/symptoms of PTL * Monitor fetal heart rate * Provide emotional support * Educate on PTL symptoms * Encourage fluid intake * Prepare for potential preterm birth ## Footnote These considerations are essential for the health and safety of the mother and fetus.

Answer 497

Relaxes uterine smooth muscle, used for tocolysis and preeclampsia prevention ## Footnote Given IV with loading then maintenance doses.

Answer 498

Inhibits calcium entry into smooth muscle cells ## Footnote Used off-label for tocolysis with oral administration.

Answer 499

Inhibits prostaglandin production, decreasing uterine contractions ## Footnote Used for short-term tocolysis and contraindicated in some conditions.

Answer 500

Terbutaline ## Footnote Stimulates beta-2 receptors to relax uterine smooth muscle; not recommended for prolonged use due to maternal risks.

Answer 501

Aid fetal lung maturity ## Footnote Given as injections 24 hours apart when preterm delivery is anticipated.

Answer 502

* Previous uterine surgery (cesarean birth, myomectomy) * Obstructed labor * Excessive uterine activity * Trauma

Answer 503

* Severe abdominal pain * Abnormal fetal heart rate * Vaginal bleeding * Loss of contractions * Maternal shock

Answer 504

* Emergency cesarean delivery * Treatment for hemorrhagic shock * Possible hysterectomy

Answer 505

* Promptly recognize signs/symptoms * Monitor vital signs * Prepare for emergency delivery * Provide emotional support * Anticipate need for blood products

Answer 506

* Excessive traction on the umbilical cord * Fundal pressure before placental separation * Abnormal adherence of the placenta

Answer 507

* Severe pain * Hemorrhage * Shock * Protrusion of the uterus through the cervix

Answer 508

* Prompt manual replacement of the inverted uterus * Oxytocin to contract the uterus * Treatment for hemorrhagic shock if present

Answer 509

* Recognize signs promptly * Call for assistance * Provide emotional support * Monitor vital signs * Prepare for potential surgery if manual replacement fails

Answer 510

Artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes to induce or augment labor.

Answer 511

Inflammation of the fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) due to a bacterial infection.

Answer 512

Excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid, defined as an amniotic fluid index greater than 25cm or a single deepest pocket over 8cm.

Answer 513

Failure of the fetal head to pass through the maternal pelvis due to inadequate pelvic dimensions.

Answer 514

A circular mass of edematous vaginal tissue that forms behind the fetal head during labor.

Answer 515

A surgical incision made in the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth.

Answer 516

Vaginal Birth after Cesarean.

Answer 517

* Induce or augment labor * Aid in internal fetal monitoring

Answer 518

* Infection * Cord prolapse * Fetal injury

Answer 519

A plastic hook is used to rupture the amniotic sac during a vaginal exam, and the hole is enlarged with a finger to allow fluid drainage.

Answer 520

* Ensure fetal presentation is cephalic and engaged * Monitor fetal heart rate * Watch for cord prolapse * Provide emotional support and explain procedures

Answer 521

* Post-term pregnancy * Premature rupture of membranes * Maternal conditions (hypertension, diabetes) * Fetal compromise

Answer 522

* Uterine hyperstimulation * Non-reassuring fetal heart rate * Increased risk of cesarean delivery

Answer 523

It is used as an intravaginal or intracervical gel/insert to soften and dilate the cervix.

Answer 524

It is a synthetic prostaglandin tablet used off-label for cervical ripening.

Answer 525

As an IV infusion to stimulate uterine contractions, requiring continuous fetal monitoring.

Answer 526

* Assess cervical status * Obtain informed consent * Monitor fetal heart rate and uterine activity * Watch for complications * Provide emotional support

Answer 527

Breech presentation at or near term.

Answer 528

* Placental abruption * Umbilical cord complications * Fetal distress * Need for emergency cesarean delivery

Answer 529

The provider applies pressure to the abdomen to rotate the fetus to a vertex (head-down) position.

Answer 530

* Ensure procedure is performed in a setting with capability for emergency cesarean * Monitor fetal heart rate continuously * Provide analgesia as needed * Prepare for potential complications

Answer 531

Shortening second stage of labor, fetal distress ## Footnote Indications highlight when the vacuum extractor is deemed necessary for safe delivery.

Answer 532

Scalp injuries, cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage ## Footnote Understanding risks is crucial for informed consent and monitoring.

Answer 533

A vacuum cup is applied to the fetal scalp and traction is applied during contractions ## Footnote Proper technique is essential to minimize risks and ensure efficacy.

Answer 534

Ensure proper cup placement, monitor fetal heart rate, watch for trauma ## Footnote Nursing considerations are vital for patient safety and effective care.

Answer 535

Prolonged second stage, fetal distress ## Footnote These indications help determine the necessity of forceps.

Answer 536

Facial injuries, cephalohematoma, eye trauma ## Footnote Awareness of risks can aid in monitoring and postoperative care.

Answer 537

Forceps blades are inserted around the fetal head and traction is applied during contractions ## Footnote This technique requires skill to prevent injury to both mother and baby.

Answer 538

Ensure proper placement, monitor fetal heart rate, watch for trauma, provide postpartum perineal care ## Footnote Comprehensive nursing care is essential for recovery.

Answer 539

Fetal distress, abnormal fetal presentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, placental problems, failed labor progress, maternal conditions ## Footnote These indications guide the decision-making process for cesarean delivery.

Answer 540

Hemorrhage, infection, injury to surrounding organs, increased risks in future pregnancies ## Footnote Understanding these risks is crucial for informed decision-making.

Answer 541

Abdominal and uterine incisions are made to deliver the fetus. The placenta is then removed ## Footnote The surgical technique requires precision and skill.

Answer 542

Provide preoperative teaching, emotional support, monitor vital signs, fundal height, lochia, pain levels postpartum, encourage early ambulation, breastfeeding, coughing/deep breathing, assess for complications ## Footnote Postoperative care is critical for recovery and complication prevention.

Answer 543

Relief of pain without loss of consciousness.

Answer 544

Loss of sensation or consciousness, induced for medical purposes.

Answer 545

The subjective experience of pain as interpreted by the brain.

Answer 546

The maximum level of pain that is bearable.

Answer 547

A massage technique using long, gliding strokes to promote relaxation.

Answer 548

* Uterine contractions * Cervical dilation * Descent and rotation of the fetal head * Stretching of the birth canal and perineum

Answer 549

The woman uses effleurage or circular motions on her lower back, abdomen, or thighs.

Answer 550

The support person provides massage to the woman's back, shoulders, or legs.

Answer 551

Applying heat (e.g. warm packs) or cold (e.g. ice packs) to the back or abdomen.

Answer 552

Applying pressure to specific points on the body to relieve pain.

Answer 553

Immersion in a warm shower or bath to promote relaxation.

Answer 554

Visualizing a peaceful scene or memory to shift focus away from pain.

Answer 555

Concentrating on an object or picture to distract from contractions.

Answer 556

Slow-paced breathing

Answer 557

Inhaling through the nose and exhaling through pursed lips.

Answer 558

Inhaling for a specific number of counts and exhaling for a different number.

Answer 559

Blocks pain in a specific region of the body ## Footnote Regional anesthesia is used to target specific areas for pain relief.

Answer 560

Anesthetic injected near the pudendal nerve to numb the vagina and perineum ## Footnote Commonly used in obstetric procedures.

Answer 561

Local anesthetic injected into the perineum ## Footnote Used for minor surgical procedures in the area.

Answer 562

Anesthetic injected into the epidural space in the spine to numb the body from the abdomen down ## Footnote Often used during labor and delivery.

Answer 563

Hypotension, headache, difficulty urinating ## Footnote These complications can arise due to the effects of the anesthetic.

Answer 564

Anesthetic injected into the cerebrospinal fluid to numb the body from the abdomen down ## Footnote Provides rapid onset of anesthesia.

Answer 565

Nitrous oxide gas inhaled to provide analgesia ## Footnote Commonly used for pain relief in various procedures.

Answer 566

Narcotics like meperidine or fentanyl given IV to provide analgesia ## Footnote Used for severe pain management.

Answer 567

Medications that depress the central nervous system, providing sedation ## Footnote Often used to calm patients before surgical procedures.

Answer 568

Complete unconsciousness induced by intravenous or inhaled anesthetics ## Footnote Used for major surgical procedures requiring full sedation.

Answer 569

Deficient oxygenation of tissues and organs ## Footnote Hypoxia can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Answer 570

Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream ## Footnote Hypercapnia can cause respiratory acidosis and affect brain function.

Answer 571

Deficient oxygen in the blood ## Footnote Hypoxemia can result from various conditions including respiratory diseases.

Answer 572

Excessive acidity in the blood and body tissues ## Footnote Acidosis can occur due to metabolic or respiratory issues.

Answer 573

Abnormally frequent uterine contractions ## Footnote Tachysystole can complicate labor and affect fetal well-being.

Answer 574

A device that converts one form of energy into another for measurement ## Footnote Transducers are commonly used in medical monitoring equipment.

Answer 575

A transducer that measures uterine contractions ## Footnote Tocotransducers help monitor labor progress.

Answer 576

The muscle tone of the uterus between contractions ## Footnote Uterine resting tone is important for fetal oxygenation.

Answer 577

Instillation of fluid into the amniotic cavity ## Footnote Amnioinfusion can help relieve umbilical cord compression.

Answer 578

Fluctuations in the fetal heart rate pattern ## Footnote Normal variability indicates a healthy fetal condition.

Answer 579

Temporary increases in fetal heart rate ## Footnote Accelerations are generally a sign of fetal well-being.

Answer 580

Temporary decreases in fetal heart rate ## Footnote Decelerations can indicate potential fetal distress.

Answer 581

Stimulating the fetal scalp to prompt fetal heart rate accelerations ## Footnote This technique can provide information about fetal status.

Answer 582

A medication that inhibits uterine contractions ## Footnote Tocolytics are used to manage preterm labor.

Answer 583

* Autonomic nervous system * Chemoreceptors * Baroreceptors * Hormones * Blood gases ## Footnote These factors work together to maintain fetal homeostasis.

Answer 584

* Hypertension * Diabetes * Substance abuse ## Footnote Maternal health directly impacts fetal development.

Answer 585

* Placental insufficiency * Abruption ## Footnote Issues with the placenta can lead to inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply.

Answer 586

* Cord compression * Knots * Prolapse ## Footnote Umbilical cord issues can significantly affect fetal heart rate and well-being.

Answer 587

* Congenital anomalies * Growth restriction * Postdates ## Footnote These factors can affect the fetus's ability to cope during labor.

Answer 588

* Abnormal labor * Fetal intolerance to labor ## Footnote Monitoring during labor is crucial to detect these issues.

Answer 589

External fetal monitoring involves using two transducer devices placed on the mother's abdomen. ## Footnote The two devices are the ultrasound transducer and the tocotransducer.

Answer 590

It detects the fetal heart rate by using the Doppler principle to identify fetal cardiac motion. ## Footnote The ultrasound transducer is one of the two devices used in external monitoring.

Answer 591

The tocotransducer measures the frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine contractions by detecting changes in the shape of the mother's abdomen. ## Footnote It is a pressure sensor used in external fetal monitoring.

Answer 592

It provides a continuous record of fetal heart rate patterns and uterine activity during labor. ## Footnote This helps assess fetal oxygenation and response to contractions.

Answer 593

Internal fetal monitoring involves the use of an electrode attached directly to the fetal presenting part to obtain an accurate measure of fetal heart rate. ## Footnote It provides more precise measurements compared to external methods.

Answer 594

A spiral electrode inserted through the dilated cervix and attached to the fetal scalp to detect electrical signals from the fetal heart. ## Footnote This is one type of internal monitoring.

Answer 595

A small plastic cone is guided through the cervix to obtain a sample of fetal scalp blood for measuring fetal acid-base balance. ## Footnote It is another type of internal monitoring.

Answer 596

110-160 beats per minute. ## Footnote This range is essential for assessing fetal well-being.

Answer 597

Fetal head compression during contractions. ## Footnote Early decelerations are not associated with fetal compromise.

Answer 598

Umbilical cord compression. ## Footnote Recurrent variable decelerations may indicate fetal compromise.

Answer 599

Amnioinfusion, changing maternal position, oxygen. ## Footnote These interventions aim to alleviate cord compression.

Answer 600

Uteroplacental insufficiency/fetal hypoxia. ## Footnote Late decelerations signal serious fetal compromise.

Answer 601

Oxygen, hydration, positioning, preparing for operative delivery. ## Footnote These interventions are critical in cases of fetal distress.

Answer 602

Rhythmic tightening and relaxation of the uterine muscles during labor to dilate the cervix and push the fetus through the birth canal. ## Footnote Contractions are essential for labor progression.

Answer 603

Thinning and shortening of the cervix during labor as it prepares for dilation. ## Footnote It is a key process in labor preparation.

Answer 604

Opening and stretching of the cervix during labor to allow passage of the fetus. ## Footnote This is critical for childbirth.

Answer 605

Fibrous joints between the bones of the fetal skull that allow molding during birth ## Footnote Sutures facilitate the flexibility of the fetal skull during delivery.

Answer 606

Soft spots on the fetal skull where the skull bones meet but have not yet fused ## Footnote Fontanels allow for further molding of the skull during birth.

Answer 607

Overlapping and shifting of the fetal skull bones to allow passage through the birth canal ## Footnote Molding helps the fetal head fit through the narrower parts of the birth canal.

Answer 608

Relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother ## Footnote Fetal lie can be longitudinal, transverse, or oblique.

Answer 609

Relationship of the fetal body parts to itself, such as flexed or extended ## Footnote Fetal attitude affects the delivery process.

Answer 610

Head-first position of the fetus in the birth canal ## Footnote This is the most common and favorable presentation for birth.

Answer 611

Buttocks or feet-first position of the fetus in the birth canal ## Footnote Breech presentation can complicate delivery and may require cesarean section.

Answer 612

Irregular, painless uterine contractions that occur before true labor ## Footnote Often referred to as 'practice contractions'.

Answer 613

Dropping of the fetal head into the pelvis before labor begins ## Footnote This often occurs a few weeks before labor starts.

Answer 614

Small amount of bloody vaginal discharge from dilation of the cervix ## Footnote This can indicate that labor is approaching.

Answer 615

Regular, progressively stronger uterine contractions signaling the start of active labor ## Footnote True labor leads to cervical dilation and effacement.

Answer 616

Irregular contractions that are not true labor and do not cause cervical change ## Footnote False labor can be confusing for expectant mothers.

Answer 617

Measurement of descent of the fetal presenting part in relation to the ischial spines ## Footnote Fetal station is measured in centimeters above or below the ischial spines.

Answer 618

Appearance of the fetal presenting part at the vaginal opening ## Footnote Crowning indicates that delivery is imminent.

Answer 619

Artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes ## Footnote This procedure is often performed to induce or accelerate labor.

Answer 620

Scoring system to evaluate the newborn's condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth ## Footnote APGAR assesses Appearance, Pulse, Grimace response, Activity, and Respiration.

Answer 621

* Powers * Passage * Passenger * Psyche ## Footnote Each component plays a crucial role in the labor and delivery process.

Answer 622

The forces that help expel the fetus, including uterine contractions, maternal bearing-down efforts, and intra-abdominal pressure ## Footnote Effective powers are essential for successful labor.

Answer 623

The path the fetus must travel, including the bony pelvis and soft birth canal (cervix, vagina) ## Footnote The passageway must be adequate for the fetus to be delivered.

Answer 624

The fetus itself, including size, presentation, position, and attitude ## Footnote The characteristics of the passenger can influence the labor process.

Answer 625

The psychological and emotional state of the mother, which can influence labor progress and pain perception ## Footnote A positive mental state can facilitate smoother labor.

Answer 626

Early, irregular contractions and cervical effacement occurs ## Footnote The latent phase is characterized by slow cervical changes and variable contractions.

Answer 627

Regular, stronger contractions and rapid cervical dilation ## Footnote This phase typically occurs when dilation is between 4-7 cm.

Answer 628

Contractions intense and frequent, fetal descent begins ## Footnote This phase occurs when cervical dilation reaches 8-10 cm.

Answer 629

Laboring down ## Footnote This stage involves complete cervical dilation and the mother actively pushing to deliver the baby.

Answer 630

Separation and delivery of the placenta after the baby is born ## Footnote This stage is crucial for maternal recovery and preventing hemorrhage.

Answer 631

Bleeding and uterine tone in the first 4 hours after placenta delivery ## Footnote This stage is critical for maternal safety and recovery.

Answer 632

* Provide emotional support and coaching to the laboring woman * Monitor fetal heart rate and uterine contractions * Administer medications and IV fluids as ordered ## Footnote Nurses play a crucial role in supporting both the mother and the healthcare team during labor.

Answer 633

Mother's fundus, lochia, and for bladder distension ## Footnote This assessment helps ensure the mother's recovery and identify any complications.

Answer 634

Vital signs and uterine tone ## Footnote Monitoring these is essential for detecting any immediate postpartum complications.

Answer 635

* Self-care * Contraception * Newborn care * Breastfeeding ## Footnote These topics are important for the health and well-being of both mother and child.

Answer 636

Inspect placenta for completeness and membranes ## Footnote This is important to prevent complications such as retained placenta.

Answer 637

True ## Footnote Nurses provide crucial support and coaching to help the mother during this stage.

Answer 638

Cut the umbilical cord ## Footnote This is part of the immediate care provided to the newborn after birth.

Answer 639

transition ## Footnote Each phase has distinct characteristics and progression.

Answer 640

Monitoring for bleeding and uterine tone ## Footnote This is to ensure the mother's safety and recovery after childbirth.

Answer 641

Facilitate parent-infant bonding ## Footnote This can include skin-to-skin contact and encouraging breastfeeding.

Answer 642

Purposeful termination of pregnancy.

Answer 643

Procedure where the cervix is dilated and products of conception are removed from the uterus, typically used for later abortions.

Answer 644

Premature separation of the implanted placenta before birth, an obstetric emergency.

Answer 645

Procedure where the cervix is stitched closed to prevent premature birth.

Answer 646

Pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

Answer 647

Surgical removal of a fallopian tube, often due to ectopic pregnancy.

Answer 648

Group of rare tumors that involve abnormal growth of cells inside the uterus.

Answer 649

Procedure using suction to remove contents of the uterus, common for early abortions.

Answer 650

Placenta implants low in the uterus, partially or completely covering the cervix.

Answer 651

Severe, excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Answer 652

Pregnancy complication of high blood pressure, protein in urine, and other symptoms.

Answer 653

Life-threatening condition where preeclampsia leads to seizures.

Answer 654

Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets occurring with preeclampsia.

Answer 655

Condition when the mother's and baby's blood types are incompatible, causing anemia in the newborn.

Answer 656

Unintended termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation.

Answer 657

Vaginal bleeding with closed cervix, pregnancy may continue or abort.

Answer 658

Cervix dilated with cramping/bleeding, unable to stop the abortion process.

Answer 659

Some products of conception remain in the uterus after passage of fetal/placental tissue.

Answer 660

All products of conception expelled from the uterus.

Answer 661

Fetal demise without expulsion of products of conception.

Answer 662

Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions, may be caused by uterine abnormalities, genetic factors, or other conditions.

Answer 663

* Abdominal/pelvic pain (may be sharp, unilateral) * Vaginal bleeding (can range from spotting to heavy) * Missed period, nausea, breast tenderness (early pregnancy symptoms) * In severe cases: hemorrhage, dizziness, signs of shock

Answer 664

* Quantitative hCG levels * Transvaginal ultrasound * Culdocentesis (aspiration of peritoneal fluid)

Answer 665

* Methotrexate (medication) * Salpingectomy (surgical removal of fallopian tube) * Salpingostomy (making an incision in tube to remove pregnancy)

Answer 666

Stops rapidly dividing cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis.

Answer 667

* Monitor vital signs, symptoms like pain/bleeding * Provide emotional support * Teach about ectopic pregnancy and treatment options * Prepare for procedures or surgery * Assess for treatment side effects like abdominal cramping

Answer 668

* Excessive nausea/vomiting * Vaginal bleeding (dark, old blood) * Uterus larger than gestational age * Ovarian cysts * High hCG levels ## Footnote Hydatiform mole is characterized by abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue.

Answer 669

* Pelvic exam * Ultrasound (shows grapelike placental vesicles) * Quantitative hCG levels ## Footnote Ultrasound is crucial for visualizing the characteristic vesicles.

Answer 670

* Suction dilation and curettage (D&C) * Hysterectomy if severe bleeding or malignancy ## Footnote D&C is often the first-line treatment to remove the abnormal tissue.

Answer 671

* Monitor vital signs, vaginal bleeding * Provide emotional support for pregnancy loss * Teach about hydatidiform mole and treatment * Prepare for D&C or surgery * Monitor for complications like infection, hemorrhage * Contraception counseling after treatment ## Footnote Emotional support is vital due to the nature of pregnancy loss.

Answer 672

* Marginal - placenta extends to the edge of the internal cervical os * Partial - placenta partially covers the internal cervical os * Total - placenta completely covers the internal cervical os ## Footnote The classification of placenta previa is based on how much the placenta covers the cervical opening.

Answer 673

* Painless vaginal bleeding in third trimester * Soft, non-tender uterus on palpation ## Footnote Painless bleeding is a hallmark of placenta previa.

Answer 674

* Ultrasound examination * Speculum exam to visualize placenta ## Footnote Ultrasound is important for assessing the location of the placenta.

Answer 675

* Expectant management if bleeding is light and fetus premature * Corticosteroids to mature fetal lungs * Cesarean delivery, often before labor ## Footnote Timing of delivery is critical based on the severity of the condition.

Answer 676

* Monitor bleeding, vital signs, fetal status * Prepare for possible urgent C-section * Provide emotional support * Administer medications as ordered * Avoid vaginal exams which can cause bleeding ## Footnote Avoiding vaginal exams is crucial to prevent exacerbating bleeding.

Answer 677

* Vaginal bleeding * Abdominal pain * Uterine tenderness * Abnormal fetal heart rate * Uterine contractions ## Footnote Abruptio placentae involves premature separation of the placenta from the uterus.

Answer 678

* Back pain * Signs of hypovolemic shock * Fetal death ## Footnote These signs indicate potential severity and complications of the condition.

Answer 679

* Physical exam findings like uterine tenderness and abnormal fetal heart tones * Ultrasound to visualize placental separation * Laboratory tests like fibrinogen levels and coagulation studies ## Footnote Diagnosis often requires a combination of clinical assessment and imaging.

Answer 680

* Expectant management with bed rest and monitoring for mild cases before 34 weeks * Prompt delivery via C-section for severe cases or fetal compromise * Blood products for hemorrhage * Tocolytics and corticosteroids as needed ## Footnote Management is determined by the severity of the condition and gestational age.

Answer 681

* Monitor maternal vital signs, bleeding, pain levels, and fetal status * Prepare for potential urgent delivery * Provide emotional support * Administer ordered medications and blood products * Assist with postpartum hemorrhage precautions ## Footnote Close monitoring is essential for maternal and fetal well-being.

Answer 682

Severe, persistent nausea and vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (low sodium, potassium, chloride), weight loss, ketonuria

Answer 683

Physical exam, hemoglobin/hematocrit levels, electrolyte studies, elevated creatinine indicating renal dysfunction

Answer 684

Hydration with IV fluids and electrolyte replacement, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) if unable to tolerate oral intake, antiemetics like promethazine, ondansetron, metoclopramide, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), ginger, corticosteroids like methylprednisolone

Answer 685

Monitor intake/output, weight, electrolytes, administer antiemetics and other medications as ordered, provide small, frequent meals and hydration, suggest non-pharmacological nausea relief techniques, provide emotional support and education

Answer 686

Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks gestation

Answer 687

Hypertension plus proteinuria, edema, headaches, visual disturbances

Answer 688

24-hour urine protein, bloodwork, ophthalmoscopy

Answer 689

Preeclampsia plus seizures

Answer 690

Physical assessment, bloodwork

Answer 691

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets

Answer 692

Bloodwork (LFTs, platelets, peripheral smear)

Answer 693

Delivery for eclampsia, severe preeclampsia/HELLP, antihypertensives like hydralazine, labetalol, nifedipine, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis

Answer 694

Vasodilator for acute hypertension

Answer 695

Calcium channel blocker antihypertensive

Answer 696

Alpha/beta blocker antihypertensive

Answer 697

Anti-seizure, smooth muscle relaxant

Answer 698

Frequent monitoring of BP, symptoms, fetal status, strict I&O, bedrest, side positioning, prepare for potential urgent delivery, administer medications per protocol, provide education and emotional support

Answer 699

Jaundice, anemia, edema in newborn with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDFN), fetal hydrops, heart failure in severe cases

Answer 700

Maternal/newborn blood typing and antibody screening, amniocentesis to check bilirubin levels, Doppler ultrasound to assess fetal anemia

Answer 701

Rho(D) immune globulin for unsensitized Rh-negative mothers after potential sensitizing events, intrauterine fetal blood transfusions, exchange transfusions after birth, phototherapy for newborn jaundice

Answer 702

Prevents Rh isoimmunization in Rh-negative mothers

Answer 703

Provide emotional support to families, monitor maternal/fetal status closely, prepare for procedures like amniocentesis, transfusions, administer Rho(D) immune globulin properly, educate on Rh incompatibility and future pregnancies

Answer 704

Imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to visualize the fetus, placenta, and maternal structures during pregnancy.

Answer 705

A protein produced by the fetus that can be measured in maternal serum to screen for neural tube defects and other abnormalities.

Answer 706

Blood test in the second trimester that measures AFP along with other analytes like hCG, estriol and inhibin-A to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects.

Answer 707

Prenatal diagnostic test where a sample of chorionic villi is taken from the placenta, usually between 10-13 weeks, to test for chromosomal disorders and genetic conditions.

Answer 708

Procedure where a needle is used to remove a sample of amniotic fluid, usually after 15 weeks, to test for chromosomal abnormalities, neural tube defects, and genetic disorders.

Answer 709

A test done on amniotic fluid to assess fetal lung maturity by measuring these two compounds that are involved in surfactant production.

Answer 710

A substance produced by fetal lungs that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse, allowing for proper breathing after birth.

Answer 711

Procedure to obtain a fetal blood sample from the umbilical cord, used to evaluate fetal anemia, Rh incompatibility, and other blood disorders.

Answer 712

Assesses fetal heart rate accelerations in response to fetal movement, indicating fetal oxygenation and well-being.

Answer 713

Assesses the fetal heart's ability to tolerate contractions induced by oxytocin or nipple stimulation.

Answer 714

Combines the NST with ultrasound evaluation of fetal breathing, movement, tone, and amniotic fluid volume to assess fetal well-being.

Answer 715

Using a small device to provide sound/vibration stimuli to the fetus to prompt fetal movement during NSTs or BPPs.

Answer 716

Ultrasound measurement of the deepest vertical amniotic fluid pockets to estimate amniotic fluid volume.

Answer 717

Method of tracking the frequency of fetal movements as an assessment of fetal well-being.

Answer 718

1. Tachycardia 2. Late decelerations 3. Decreased variability 4. Bradycardia 5. Absence of accelerations

Answer 719

The average daily nutrient intake level that meets the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Answer 720

A recommended nutrient intake value based on approximations of observed intakes in apparently healthy population groups, used when there is insufficient evidence to set an RDA.

Answer 721

The highest daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for most individuals in the general population.

Answer 722

The daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Answer 723

A unit of measurement of food energy, with one kilocalorie representing the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

Answer 724

An eating disorder characterized by persistent cravings and compulsive consumption of non-food substances that have no nutritional value, such as clay, chalk, or ice.

Answer 725

25-35 lbs (11-15 kg) ## Footnote This range supports healthy fetal growth and maternal health.

Answer 726

Increase intake for energy needs ## Footnote Carbohydrates are crucial for providing the energy necessary for both the mother and the developing fetus.

Answer 727

300 kcal/day ## Footnote This increase helps meet the energy demands of pregnancy.

Answer 728

60g/day ## Footnote Protein is essential for fetal growth and development.

Answer 729

600-800 mcg/day ## Footnote Folic acid is important for preventing neural tube defects in the developing fetus.

Answer 730

27 mg/day ## Footnote Iron is necessary to support increased blood volume and fetal development.

Answer 731

1000-1300 mg/day ## Footnote Calcium is vital for building the baby's bones and teeth.

Answer 732

Limit to 2300 mg/day ## Footnote Excess sodium can lead to increased blood pressure.

Answer 733

* Whole grains * Vegetables and fruits * Dairy * Protein sources (lean meats, eggs, legumes) ## Footnote These foods provide essential nutrients for both mother and baby.

Answer 734

WIC program assistance ## Footnote The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program helps provide nutritional support to low-income pregnant women.

Answer 735

Poor dietary habits, body image concerns ## Footnote Adolescents may struggle to meet nutritional needs due to these factors.

Answer 736

Iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies ## Footnote These nutrients are often found in animal products.

Answer 737

Higher than during pregnancy ## Footnote Increased needs include vitamins A, B6, B12, C, E, riboflavin, zinc, iodine, potassium, copper, and selenium.

Answer 738

330 calories per day ## Footnote This includes 170 calories from maternal fat stores.

Answer 739

400 additional calories per day ## Footnote This helps support continued breastfeeding and maternal health.

Answer 740

False ## Footnote Supplements are only necessary if the diet lacks essential vitamins and minerals.

Answer 741

Practice contractions of the uterus that do not cause cervical changes.

Answer 742

Bluish discoloration of the vaginal mucosa and cervix due to increased vascularity.

Answer 743

Softening of the cervix during pregnancy.

Answer 744

Stretch marks that appear on the abdomen, breasts, and thighs during pregnancy.

Answer 745

Normal dilutional anemia that occurs in pregnancy due to increased plasma volume.

Answer 746

Drop in blood pressure when lying supine, caused by the weight of the uterus compressing blood vessels.

Answer 747

Darkening of the skin on the face during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

Answer 748

Dark line that appears on the abdomen during pregnancy due to hyperpigmentation.

Answer 749

Separation of the abdominal muscles during pregnancy.

Answer 750

Absence of menstrual periods, a sign of pregnancy.

Answer 751

Compressible softening of the lower uterine segment in pregnancy.

Answer 752

Rebounding of the fetus against the uterine wall when pushed gently.

Answer 753

The number of pregnancies a woman has had.

Answer 754

A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Answer 755

A woman who has been pregnant more than once.

Answer 756

The number of pregnancies reaching viable gestational age.

Answer 757

A woman who has never given birth.

Answer 758

A woman who has given birth once.

Answer 759

A woman who has given birth more than once.

Answer 760

Measurement from pubic bone to top of uterus to estimate fetal size.

Answer 761

Technique to determine fetal lie, presentation, position, and descent.

Answer 762

Mixed feelings or uncertainty about being pregnant.

Answer 763

The emotional attachment between parents and infant.

Answer 764

Excessive interest in or admiration of oneself.

Answer 765

The tendency to be inward-looking and reserved.

Answer 766

Imitating the behavior or emotions of another.

Answer 767

Sympathetic pregnancy where the partner experiences pregnancy-like symptoms.

Answer 768

A trained professional who provides support to the mother during pregnancy and childbirth.

Answer 769

* Increased blood volume (up to 50% above non-pregnant levels) * Increased cardiac output (30-50% above non-pregnant levels) * Decreased blood pressure * Decreased peripheral vascular resistance * Increased blood flow to the uterus, kidneys, and skin

Answer 770

* Amenorrhea (missed periods) * Nausea and vomiting * Breast changes (tenderness, tingling) * Fatigue * Frequent urination * Food cravings or aversions

Answer 771

* Softening of the cervix (Goodell's sign) * Bluish discoloration of cervix/vagina (Chadwick's sign) * Uterine enlargement * Fetal heart tones

Answer 772

* Fetal movement felt by examiner * Outlining of fetal parts on ultrasound * Positive pregnancy test (detects hCG hormone)

Answer 773

G - Gravidity T - Term births P - Preterm births A - Abortions L - Living children

Answer 774

A method to estimate the expected date of delivery (EDD) based on the first day of the last menstrual period.

Answer 775

Eat small, frequent meals, avoid spicy/fatty foods, stay hydrated, try ginger or vitamin B6 supplements.

Answer 776

Eat smaller portions, avoid trigger foods, don't lie down after eating, use antacids as needed.

Answer 777

Practice good posture, wear supportive shoes, apply heat/cold packs, get prenatal massages.

Answer 778

Change positions slowly, avoid sudden movements, use a maternity support belt.

Answer 779

Perform Kegel exercises, avoid caffeine, don't resist the urge to urinate.

Answer 780

Increase fiber and fluid intake, exercise regularly, use stool softeners if needed.

Answer 781

Elevate legs, wear compression stockings, avoid prolonged standing/sitting.

Answer 782

Increase fiber, use over-the-counter creams/suppositories, sitz baths.

Answer 783

Stretch calves regularly, ensure adequate calcium/magnesium intake, apply heat.

Answer 784

Relieve muscle aches and promote relaxation.

Answer 785

Due to risk of overheating and dehydration.

Answer 786

Not recommended as it can disrupt vaginal flora.

Answer 787

Wear supportive bras, use lanolin cream for sore nipples.

Answer 788

Choose loose, breathable fabrics and low-heeled shoes.

Answer 789

Low-impact activities like walking, swimming, prenatal yoga.

Answer 790

Sleep on the left side.

Answer 791

Adequate protein, iron, calcium, and folate.

Answer 792

Any workplace hazards or needed accommodations.

Answer 793

Avoid long periods of immobility, stay hydrated, follow airline guidelines.

Answer 794

Flu and Tdap vaccines.

Answer 795

Discuss all prescriptions/OTCs with your provider for safety.

Answer 796

Tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs.

Answer 797

Placenta previa, abruptio placentae, or threatened miscarriage.

Answer 798

Ectopic pregnancy or preterm labor.

Answer 799

Severe headaches/visual disturbances.

Answer 800

Evaluation for fetal well-being.

Answer 801

Premature rupture of membranes.

Answer 802

Relieve heartburn/acid reflux by neutralizing stomach acid.

Answer 803

A stool softener that helps relieve constipation.

Answer 804

Essential nutrients like folic acid, iron, calcium.

Answer 805

Prevents neural tube defects.

EXAM 2 Reproduction Flashcards

(839 cards)