Exam 2 - Respiration

Question 1

During respiration, we have to distinguish between what two types of breathing?

Answer 1

1. nose breathing
2. mouth breathing

Question 2

Refer to those individuals who may have a certain degree of nose breathing capacity but for one reason or the other breathe mainly through their mouth

Answer 2

mouth breathing

Question 3

EXAM QUESTION What are the 6 causes of reduced nasal respiratory function?

Answer 3

1. large adenoids and/or tonsils
2. nasal allergies
3. deviated septa
4. neoplasms
5. trauma
6. polyp formation

Question 4

Both tonsils and adenoids are part of a collection of lymphoid tissues known as the

Answer 4

Waldeyer’s Ring

Question 5

EXAM QUESTION In the waldeyer’s ring, the lymphoid tissue encircles the

Answer 5

posterior pharynx

Question 6

EXAM QUESTION What are the three parts of the waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 6

1. lingual tonsil: at base of tongue
2. 2 palatine tonsils: on sides of tongue
3. adenoids or “pharyngeal tonsil” behind

Question 7

Label the Waldeyer’s Ring

Answer 7

Question 8

EXAM QUESTION These structures are in a critical anatomy site for immune protection

Answer 8

adenoids

Question 9

EXAM QUESTION How are the adenoids in contact with viruses in bacteria?

Answer 9

result of nasal airflow

Question 10

Where are the palatine tonsils?

Answer 10

Question 11

EXAM QUESTION True or false: Adenoids can be infected and hypertrophy

Answer 11

true

Question 12

EXAM QUESTION In the adenoids, hypertrophy may be transient and related either to

Answer 12

allergy

repeated infection

Question 13

How large can adenoids swell?

Answer 13

2-3 cm

Question 14

True or false: Swelling of the adenoids will not interfere with air passage through the nasal cavity

Answer 14

False, it will interfere with air passage through the nasal cavity

Question 15

Swelling in the adenoids can obstruct what two structures?

Answer 15

1. eustacian tubes
2. maxillary sinus openings

Question 16

EXAM QUESTION What are the 4 types of adenoid hypertrophy?

Answer 16

1. mouth breathing
2. nocturnal snoring
3. repeated episodes of otitis media
4. repeated episodes of sinusitis

Question 17

EXAM QUESTION What 3 things are used to diagnose adenoid hypertrophy?

Answer 17

1. examination of nares
2. examination of palatal vault with an indirect mirror
3. radiologic examination (i.e., lateral cephalogram with mouth open)

Question 18

EXAM QUESTION During radiographic examination of adenoid hypertrophy what type of exam is done?

Answer 18

lateral cephalogram WITH MOUTH OPEN

Question 19

a form-function cranial growth theory

Answer 19

Adenoid “facies”

Question 20

True or false: In the scientific method, there is a clear distinction between facts, which can be observed and/or measured, and theories, which are the scientists’ explanations and interpretations of the facts.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Individual who has a long history of mouth breathing may have facial growth problems

Answer 21

Adenoid “Facies”

Question 22

EXAM QUESTION What 5 features can be used to describe an individual with Adenoid Facies?

Answer 22

1. open mouth posture
2. nose that appears to be flattened
3. nostrils are small and poorly developed
4. short upper lip
5. voluminous and pouting lower lip

Question 23

EXAM QUESTION What 3 things influence enlarged lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx?

Answer 23

1. enlarged adenoids obstruct oropharyngial airway, causing mouth breathing
2. mouth breathing leads to changes in tongue lip and posture
3. soft tissue imbalance produces variation in dentitional relationships

Question 24

What are the two theories which describe how adenoid-mouth breathing influences the etiology of facial form and dentition?

Answer 24

1. Compression theory
2. disuse atrophy therory

Question 25

*EXAM QUESTION* What does the compression theory state?

Answer 25

Children with englarged adenoids usually displayed V shaped dental arches

Question 26

*EXAM QUESTION* Describe the animal experiment for compression theory. What were the two main findings?

Answer 26

An acrylic block was placed in the palate to permanently depress the tongue OR obstruct the nares which resulted in 1. increased lower facial height 2. class II malocclusion

Question 27

*EXAM QUESTION* With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1 to 1 means

Answer 27

large adenoids and/or narrow nasopharyngeal space

Question 28

*EXAM QUESTION* With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1/2 means

Answer 28

normal or small adenoids compared to normal or large nasopharyngeal air spacce

Question 29

*EXAM QUESTION* With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1/3

Answer 29

small adenoids to normal or large nasopharyngeal air space

Question 30

*EXAM QUESTION* Since mouth breathing may lead to lowering of tongue position, what does this lead to?

Answer 30

reduction of buccally directed pressure while the pressure from cheek musculature remains unchanged and the maxillary premolars and molars will be influenced in a palatal direction, causing constriction of the palate

Question 31

*EXAM QUESTION* What is the mechanism by which changes occur in the incisors due to nose breathing transition?

Answer 31

party caused by changes in obicularis oris pressure, from open mouth to closed mouth posture

Question 32

True or false: Despite the frequency with which tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies are preformed, it has never been established through controlled scientific studies that the health benefits of tonsil and adenoid surgery exceed their cost in any age group.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

*EXAM QUESTION* Adenoid surgery is only indicated for

Answer 33

1. hypoventilation due to airway obstruction 2. dysphagia (difficulty of swallowing) 3. weight loss for six months or more due to tonsillar obstruction of digestive tract

Question 34

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* True or false: There is seldom a health benefit for adenoidectomy

Answer 34

True

Question 35

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* What are the 3 objections to adenoid surgery?

Answer 35

1. increased airway disease (i.e., bronchial asthma) 2. 8% more hodgkins disease 3. aggravation of otitis media

Question 36

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* What is an additional potential breathing obstruction (differential diagnosis)?

Answer 36

allergic rhinitis

Question 37

**EXAM QUESTION** Examination of the ___ will often provide information on the etiology of mouth breating.

Answer 37

exterior nose

Question 38

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* What is nasal crease or linea nasalis?

Answer 38

- results from "allergic salute" - takes one to two years of consistent rubbing to produce the crease - is a valuable tool in diagnosing the problem of allergies

Question 39

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* What happens when an individual has a deviated septum?

Answer 39

- septum should equally divide the area - when not in midline (deviated septum) it can cause a significant amount of obstruction (especially if inflamed)

Question 40

EXAMINATION QUESTION The apparent function of the turbinate is to increase the amount of surface area of the nasal tissue to do what 3 things?

Answer 40

1. facilitate warming 2. humidifying 3. filtering inhaled air

Question 41

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* What are the colours of the nasal tubinates?

Answer 41

pink and glistening

Question 42

**EXAMINATION QUESTION** In an individual with an allergy, the nasal turbinates will be

Answer 42

pale or bluish in appearance

Question 43

**EXAMINATION QUESTION** In an individual with an infection, the nasal turbinates will be

Answer 43

fiery red colour

Question 44

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* Chronic mouth breathing may be caused by nasal obstruction due to

Answer 44

turbinate swelling

Question 45

If turbinate swelling lasts for an appreciable period of time, it is termed

Answer 45

turbinate hypertrophy

Question 46

*EXAMINATION QUESTION* True or false: In certain instances, the mouth breathing persists as a left-over habit even after the removal of the nasal obstruction.

Answer 46

True