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Exam 2- respiratory Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

________ disorders are children’s most common infectious problem because their immunity to common infectious pathogens is not yet well established

A

Respiratory

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2
Q

Respiratory infections ___ as they age and have:

A

-decrease
-repeated exposure to organisms

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3
Q

Factors for decreased resistance to respiratory disorders (7)

A

-malnutrition
-anemia
-allergies
-fatigue
-daycare attendance
-exposure to second-hand or third-hand smoke
-history of respiratory/cardiac anomalies

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4
Q

Most respiratory infections are caused by

A

viruses

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5
Q

Children’s respiratory tract keeps growing till about ____ years of age

A

12

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6
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
-Upper airway is _____ & _____
-_______ oral cavity with ______ tongue
-_______ nares and nasopharynx

A

-smaller and narrower
-smaller, larger
-smaller

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7
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
-_________ amount of soft tissue & _________ anchored mucuous membranes leads to:

A

-larger
-loosely
-edema

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8
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
_____ functional muscles in the airway means:

A

fewer
child may swallow more mucus because they cannot sneeze or cough

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9
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
_________ Alveoli
At birth only _______, by age 8, increases to ______
Continues to increase until ______ when adult levels are present.

A

Less
25 million
300 million
puberty

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10
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
Lower airway is _______, only ____mm in infants but ______mm in adults

A

narrower
4mm
10-20mm

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11
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
Trachea is ____ & the angle of the right broncos at bifurcation is ____ acute than in an adult, making it more easily _____

A

shorter
more
obstructed

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12
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
infants chest wall is ______; which makes it
leads to _____ with distress
_______ the work of breathing

A

-cartilaginous; twice as compliant as bony chest wall of adults
-retraction
-increases

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13
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
Infants ribs are more _____ in orientation to vertebra, so intercostal muscles___________, which leads to _____ breathing

A

-horizontal
-struggle to lift the chest wall
-diaphragmatic

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14
Q

Children’s respiratory differences:
after 8 years of age, a _____ orientation of ribs enables intercostal muscles to lift ribs more easily

A

45 degree

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15
Q

Signs of respiratory distress (6)

A

-nasal flaring
-adventitious sounds
-tachypnea
-retraction
-color changes
-respiratory arrest

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16
Q

upper respiratory tract disorders (3)

A

-Epiglottis
-Strep/Scarlet fever
-Croup

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17
Q

inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis and upper trachea edema; treated as an emergency

A

epiglottitis

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18
Q

Epiglottitis vaccine

A

Hib

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19
Q

Epiglottitis is common in ages _____

A

2-5 years

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20
Q

IMPORTANT nursing consideration with epiglottitis

A

never use a tongue depressor to examine a child if epiglottis is suspected; airway will close

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21
Q

S/S of epiglottitis (7)

A

excessive drooling
fever
difficulty speaking
difficulty breathing
nasal flaring
stridor
tachycardia

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22
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

antipyretics, steroids, IV fluids

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23
Q

Epiglottitis Interventions (7)

A

-Maintain patent airway
-O2 therapy
-Monitor respiratory status
-Maintain NPO
-do not place the child in a supine position
-Avoid throat culture
-prepare resuscitation equipment

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24
Q

Caused by Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep bacteria ONLY

A

Strep throat

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25
Strep throat s/s
-fever -red & sore throat -exudative tonsils -stomach ache -palatal petechiae -swollen submandibular lymph nodes
26
If red sandpaper rash develops with strep symptoms, its considered
Scarlet fever
27
Strep treatment
antibiotics: PCN & Cephalosporin
28
Most common age group that gets strep:_____; children less than ____ rarely get it
school-age; 18 months
29
How can children with strep return to school?
-24 hours on antibiotics -24 hours without fever & fever reducing medication
30
Strep complications (2)
-Rheumatic fever -Acute glomerulonephritis
31
inflammatory disease of heart, joints, CNS
Rheumatic fever
32
acute kidney infection
glomerulonephritis
33
Caused by virus in the larynx, mid trachea, and bronchi leading to inflammation edema
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
34
virus that causes croup
adenovirus or parainfluenza
35
Croup s/s (5)
-hoarseness -resonant cough described as "barking" or "brassy" -inspiratory stridor -respiratory distress -high fever on onset
36
croup primarily occurs in children ___ to _____ and is rare after age _____
-6 months-3 years -6 years
37
Croup treatment (5)
-cool humidified air -steroids -O2 if needed -Rest -Fluid
38
Lower respiratory tract disorders (4)
-Influenza -Cystic Fibrosis -Asthma -Pneumonia
39
Viral infection that affects the respiratory system; highly contagious; prevention by vaccine; risk of development of sec infection
Influenza
40
S/S influenza (7)
-sore throat -dry cough -myalgia -flushed face -high fever -fatigue -photophobia
41
Influenza diagnosis
viral culture test of nasopharyngeal secretions
42
influenza supportive therapy
-treat symptoms -hydration -isolate for 7 days
43
Medications for influenza
antivirals (amantadine hydrochloride, oseltamivir, tamiflu) inhaled zanamivir (Relenza) IV peramivir (Rapivab) if diagnosed within 48 Horus of appearance of symptoms
44
inherited autosoma recessive trait that causes exocrine gland dysfunction, causing increased & abnormal mucus secretion int he lungs and gastrointestinal tract, leading to mechanical obstruction
Cystic Fibrosis
45
Cystic fibrosis -__ in ___ Americans are carriers -only inherited if ____ parents have gene
1 in 20 both parents have to have gene
46
Cystic fibrosis affects:
-GI -Respiratory system -reproductive system
47
Cystic fibrosis: effects on the gastrointestinal system (4)
-fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) -nutrient malabsorption -growth failure -cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD)
48
Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
sweat chloride test and stool analysis for stool fat/enzymes
49
Cystic fibrosis S/S: respiratory (7)
-repeated episodes of brochioltiis/pneumonia -wheezy respirations -dry, nonproductive cough -patchy areas of atelectasis -development of emphysema -unable to expectorate the mucus bc its too thick -dyspnea
50
Cystic fibrosis S/S: GI (4)
-pancreas: thick secretions block the ducts, leading to pancreatic fibrosis -child will have bulky, difficult to pass, frothy, fatty, and foul smelling stools & rectal prolapse -weight loss from poor absorption -bile-stained vomit
51
Cystic fibrosis S/S: integumentary (3)
-High Na and Cl in sweat -electrolyte imbalance -dehydration
52
Cystic fibrosis S/S: reproductive (3)
-98% of males are sterile -vagina secretion is too thick for sperm to move -irregular menstrual cycle due to less frequent ovulation
53
Cystic fibrosis treatment: respiratory (7)
-chest physiotherapy (several times a day) -postural drainage -antibiotics -bronchodilators -O2 therapy -mucolytics -anticholinergics
54
Cystic fibrosis treatment: GI (3)
-high protein, fatty, high-calorie diet -Vitamins ADEK -monitor weight and stool pattern, administer pancreatic enzymes
55
Cystic fibrosis treatment: other (5)
-monitor vitals -up-to-date vaccines -wear mask -monitor electrolytes -provide emotional support for pt and family
56
Hypersensitivity Type I immune response that causes inflammation; increased mucus production, mucus thickening, bronchospasm, airway edema/observation, muscle tightening
asthma
57
chronic cause of chronic illness in children; misdiagnosis is common
asthma
58
Asthma triggers (4)
-Resp. infections -allergies (cockroach poop) -some meds (NSAIDs) -Strong emotions
59
Asthma symptoms (8)
-cough -wheeing -SOB -dyspnea -mucus production -sweating -low SpO2 -use of accessory muscles
60
4 classifications of Asthma
-intermittent -mild -moderate -severe
61
asthma with no interference with activity
intermittent asthma
62
asthma with minor interference w/ activity
mild persistent
63
asthma with some interference with activity
moderate persistent
64
asthma with extreme limitation with activity
severe persistent
65
asthma with symptoms <2 times a week
intermittent asthma
66
asthma with symptoms more than 2x a week but not daily
mild persistent
67
asthma with symptoms daily
moderate persistent
68
asthma with symptoms throughout the day
severe persistent
69
Asthma treatment (5)
-allergen control -drug therapy -symptom management -chest physiotherapy -hyposensitization
70
Bronchodilators that provide quick relief of symptoms
SABA (rescue meds)
71
asthma medications taken daily to achieve & sustain control of the inflammatory process
Leukotriene modifiers (singular) adjunct therapy or if you cannot gain control with inhaled anti-inflammatory alone (control meds)
72
______ asthma meds are always taken first
inhaled anti-inflammatory
73
asthma medication mixed with saline & delivered over time using compressed air
nebulizer
74
used for control & rescue; now in powder form; even 2-year olds can use with spacer device
Metered dose inhalers (MDI's)
75
Bronchodilators: -Short acting -Long acting -Mehtylxanthines
-Albuterol -Salmeterol -Theophylline
76
Corticosteroids have suffix (2)
-asone -ide
77
Types of asthma medications (4)
Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Leukotriene Modifiers Anticholinergics
78
Inflammation of the pulmonary tissue caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses
pneumonia
79
_____ pneumonia occurs more frequently; ____________ the most common cause between 5-12 years
Viral Mycoplasma
80
________ pneumonia is more serious because it affects ________; treated aggressively; often caused by ________
-Bacterial -Affects lobes -Streptococcus pneumonia
81
Pneumonia symptoms (4)
-fever -abdominal pain -V/D -cough
82
pneumonia breath sounds w/ auscultation (2)
-course -crackles
83
Bacterial pneumonia treatment: (6)
-O2 therapy -IV fluids -antibiotics -suction mucus -promote rest -increase fluids
84
Viral pneumonia treatment (6)
-O2 therapy -antipyretics -chest physiotherpay -increased fluid intake -IV fluids -responds to macrolide (Zithromax) but cough persists for weeks
85
essential in many cases of hypoxemia, may be delivered by mask, nasal cannula, face tent, hood, face mask, or ventilator
oxygen
86
oxygen is not effective with
cardiac diseases
87
Nursing considerations for oxygen _______ L oxygenation is sufficient _____ instead of prongs for kids oxygen can be _____ for kids use _______ for O2 monitoring
-2-3 L -Mask -flavored -pulse ox
88
Breaks up med into small particles to be dispersed into airway
inhalation therapy
89
Nursing considerations for inhalation therapy -use a _______ or mask -pour med into _____ and attach device to ______ -takes ______ minutes
-mouthpiece -small container; air/oxygen source -10-15 minutes
90
inhalation therapy is used for ________, including:(4)
acute & infectious respiratory illnesses -croup -epiglottitis -bacterial pneumonia -flu

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