Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(33 cards)
Plants need what to carry out photosynthesis?
H20 and CO2
Opening in the leaves through which gases enter and exit are called
Stomata
In photosynthesis, oxygen is liberated due to the breakdown of what molecule?
H20
True or False: In the first step of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylate/oxygenase (Rubisco) fixes carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is added to a 5-carbon compound, which is then hydrolyzed to yield 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.
True
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, is the equation for:
Photosynthesis
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning mitochondria?
A. The outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to many molecules through porins
B. Mitochondria code for their own ribosomes and tRNA molecules
C. Mitochondria are surrounded by a thin layer of sugar molecules that prevent entry of unneeded molecules
D. Mitochondria contain a small circular genome that utilizes a unique genetic code
C. Mitochondria are surrounded by a thin layer of sugar molecules that prevent entry of unneeded molecules
True or False. Since glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen, it can provide energy to the cell even under limiting or stressful conditions
True
The first step of glycolysis has a change in free energy that is greater than zero (ΔG > 0) in the forward direction. Which of the following statements describes how this reaction occurs under biological conditions?
A. Heat produced from ATP hydrolysis drives glucose-6-phosphate synthesis
B. The energy of ATP hydrolysis drives the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate
C. The energy of glucose phosphorylation drives ATP synthesis
D. This reaction is spontaneous
E. None of the responses are correct
B. The energy of ATP hydrolysis drives the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate
How many molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis to be initiated?
How many molecules of ATP are directly formed from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis.
2 molecules of ATP are needed for Glycolysis to be initiated
4 molecules of ATP are directly from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis
At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form:
Two molecules of Pyruvate
True or False. ATP synthase uses the proton (H+) gradient to drive ATP synthesis. ATP is formed from ADP and Pi in the γ subunit by conformational changes induced by rotation of the β subunits.
False. (The γ subunit of ATP synthase rotates to produce conformational changes in the three β units that allow them to bind to ADP and Pi and convert them to ATP.)
Select the true statements regarding the citric acid cycle (more than one answer is correct).
A. The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process
B. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria
C. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is degraded to produce acetyl CoA
D. In the citric acid cycle, two ATP must be utilized to initiate the cycle
A. The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process
B. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria
Which statement is correct regarding the relationship between mitochondrial hydrogen ion concentration and energy storage as ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Energy is generated as a result of the difference in hydrogen ion concentration between the intermembrane space and the cytoplasm
B. Hydrogen ions cannot freely pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane
C. Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the H+ gradient generated by the electron transport chain
D. A and B
E. A and C
F. B and C
B an C: Hydrogen ions cannot freely pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane and Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the H+ gradient generated by the electron transport chain
Electron transfer from NADH to coenzyme Q occurs in what complex during the electron transport chain?
Complex 1
True or False. In aerobic respiration, indirect energy is produced by the formation of both NADH and FADH2 during the citric acid cycle.
True
Which of the following lists these molecules in order from most permeable to least permeable through a lipid bilayer?
A. Glucose, carbon dioxide, sodium ions, water
B. Carbon dioxide, water, glucose, sodium ion
C. Sodium ions, glucose, water, carbon dioxide
D. water, glucose, carbon dioxide, sodium ions
E. Sodium ions, carbon dioxide, water, glucose
B. Carbon dioxide, water, glucose, sodium ion
Even though the plasma membrane is relatively permeable to H2O, specific integral membrane proteins allow water to flow in and out of the cell at a higher rate than would be possible by osmosis. What are these molecules called
Aquaporins
What protein is likely to contain one or more hydrophobic segments, 14-30 amino acids long?
Integral membrane protein
True or False. Symporters are an example of facilitated diffusion since they transport two different molecules in the same direction down their concentration gradients.
False. One molecule will move in the direction of its concentration gradient while the other molecules move against its concentration gradient
What type of transport does not require a protein?
Osmosis
Which of the following statements regarding protein signal sequences is FALSE? (More than one answer is correct)
A. A protein containing a KDEL sequence can be recycled back to the ER via transport in COPI-coated vesicles
B. A protein containing a KDEL sequence allows it to be packaged into secretory vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane
C. KDEL stands for Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu
D. KDEL is the call sign for the UCCS radio station
B. A protein containing a KDEL sequence allows it to be packaged into secretory vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane
D. KDEL is the call sign for the UCCS radio station
What is clathrin?
C. A vesicular coat protein that mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane
True or False. SNARE proteins are located on both the cell plasma membrane and transport vesicles and combine to form a complex that drives membrane fusion.
True
True or False. GPI-linked proteins can diffuse laterally through the cell membrane easier than integral membrane proteins and are normally located at the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells.
True
