Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Following the Big Bang, the Universe is Thought to Have Been Extremely Simple. It Consisted of Huge Clouds of…

Answer 1

Hydrogen and Helium

Question 2

Earth’s Surface is Substantially Protected from Solar Wind and Cosmic Radiation By…

Answer 2

Earth’s Magnetic Field

Question 3

The Upper Mantle is Composed of…

Question 4

The Angular Distance Between Where a Compass Needle Points and a Line of Longitude at a Given Location is Best Described as…

Answer 4

Declination

Question 5

Polar Wind Path’s Best Describe…

Question 6

In the Modern View, Which of the Following Forces Most Strongly Influences the Motion of Lithospheric Plates?

Answer 6

Ridge-Push Force that Results From Gravity Acting on Elevated Lithosphere at the Mid-Ocean Ridge

Question 7

A Subduction Zone is an Example of a Convergent Margin. A Good Example of this Type of Tectonic Plate Boundary Is…

Question 8

Recent and Ongoing Collision of the Indian Subcontinent and Asia Has Resulted in (the)…

Answer 8

Himalayan Mountains

Question 9

Silicate Minerals…

Answer 9

Are Composed of Silica Tetrahedra Arranged in Different Patterns

Question 10

The Solubility of Halite (common salt, NaCl) Can Be Attributed to its ____ Bonds.

Answer 10

Ionic

Question 11

The Extraordinary Hardness of Diamond (C) Can Be Attributed to its ______ Bonds

Answer 11

Covalent

Question 12

The Process of Compacting and Cementing Sediments to Form Sedimentary Rocks is Known as…

Answer 12

Lithification

Question 13

Decompression Melting is Commonly Associated With…

Answer 13

Divergent Boundaries

Question 14

Intermediate Magma…

Question 15

Which of the Following Igneous Rocks is Most Likely to Contain Quartz (SiO2)?

Answer 15

Granite

Question 16

Gabbro is a Mafic, Intrusive Rock. In Terms of Chemical Composition and Minerology, Gabbro is Most Similar to…

Answer 16

Basalt

Question 17

Which Type of Magma Might be Produced if Continental Crust Were Melted?

Answer 17

Felsic

Question 18

When Lava Crystallizes on Earth’s Surface, It Does so Rapidly, Over a Relatively Short Period of Time. Most Significantly, This Results in _____ Igneous Rock.

Answer 18

Finer Grained (smaller crystals)

Question 19

Bowen’s Reaction Series Describes the Order in Which Minerals Crystallize Out of Magma as it Cools from High to Low Temperatures. According to Bowen’s Reaction Series, the Last Mineral to Crystallize (at the lowest temperatures) are…

Answer 19

Mafic Minerals, Such as Hornblende

Question 20

_____ is Solid Glass, is Typically Dark in Color, and is Essentially Free of Gas Bubbles

Answer 20

Obsidian

Question 21

An Igneous Rock (or magma) That is Relatively Poor in Silica (approximately 45-50% SiO2) is Said to be…

Answer 21

Mafic

Question 22

A Volcanic Hazard Map…

Answer 22

Highlights Area Most Likely to be Affected by Volcanic Activity, Including Pyroclastic Flows and Lahars.

Question 23

Which Type of Magma (lava) is Typically the Most Viscous?

Answer 23

Felsic

Question 24

A Slurry of Volcanic Ash and Debris, Much Like Wet Concrete, That Constitutes a Hot or Cold Mudflow is Called…

Answer 24

Lahar?

Question 25

Mt. Fuji is a Very Large, 12,000 Ft High, Steep Sided, Conical Volcano That Consists of Alternating Layers of Lava Flows, Tephra, and Volcanic Debris. Mt. Fuji is an Example of...

Answer 25

Stratovolcano

Question 26

Yellowstone Hotspot Volcanism is so Different from Hawaiian Hotspot Volcanism Because...

Answer 26

The Yellowstone Hotspot Interacts with Continental Crust Rather Than Oceanic Crust

Question 27

Most Volcanoes in the Circum-Pacific Region (Including Japan, Alaska, and Western South America), Commonly Known as the "Ring of Fire", Relate To...

Answer 27

Subduction Zones

Question 28

Volcanic Bombs Are..

Answer 28

Masses of Lava Ejected While Molten and Aerodynamically Shaped.

Question 29

Submarine Volcanic Eruptions, Such as Those at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Commonly Produce...

Answer 29

Pyroclastic Flows?

Question 30

Effusive Volcanic Eruptions, Including Lava Fountains, Are Often Driven By...

Answer 30

Bubbles of Volcanic Gas Exsolving from the Magma, Similar to Bubbles Escaping from a Soda Bottle.

Question 31

The Formation of a Cave System by an Underground River Flow Through Limestone Bedrock is a Good Example of...

Answer 31

Dissolution

Question 32

Quartz is a Common Component of River Sand Because...

Answer 32

Its Covalent Bonds and Silica Tetrahedra Make it Resistant to Chemical and Physical Weathering

Question 33

Joints are Vertical Cracks in Bedrock. Which of the Following Weathering Processes Does NOT Affect Joints?

Answer 33

All of These Processes Can Occur in Joints.

Question 34

Which of the Following Best Describes Interactions Between Physical and Chemical Weathering?

Question 35

Saltation Describes..

Answer 35

The "Jumping" Movement of Sediment Transported by Wind or Water.

Question 36

Meandering Rivers, Such as the Mississippi River, are Characterized by a Single River Channel That Curves, or "Meanders," Across the Landscape. Meandering Rivers..

Question 37

The Rubber Duck River is 10m Wide, 1m Deep, and Flows with a Velocity of 0.2 m/s. What is the Discharge of This River?

Question 38

The Rubber Duck River Has a Gradient of 0.9m/km. The Gecko River Has a Gradient of 0.07 m/km. Based on This Information, Which of the Following is Most Likely to be TRUE?

Answer 38

The Rubber Duck River Flows FASTER, on average, Than The Gecko River.

Question 39

Glaciers Advance When...

Answer 39

Snow Accumulation Increases.

Question 40

The Schematic Image Below Shows Crossbedding Preserved in Sandstone. Crossbedding is the Result of...

Answer 40

The Movement of Sand Dunes, Where Sand is Deposited on the Downwind Side of the Dune.

Question 41

Shale is a Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rock Characterized by Very Thin Layers of Silt and Clay. In Which of the Following Sedimentary Environments is Shale Most Likely to Form?

Answer 41

A Lake

Question 42

Tillite is a Sedimentary Rock Formed from Glacier Till (sediments deposited at the toe of a glacier). Based on What You Know About Glacier Environments and Sediments, Which of the Following Best Describes Tillite?

Answer 42

A Rock Consisting of Poorly Sorted, Angular Sediments with a Wide Range of Sizes, Including Boulders.

Question 43

Rounded Grains are an Indication That...

Answer 43

The Grains Have Been Transported Far From Their Source.

Question 44

Limestone is an Example of..

Question 45

Clay is a Common Component of Fine-Grained Clastic Sedimentary Rocks. Clay is Formed...

Answer 45

Through the Chemical Weathering Process Known as Hydrolysis.