Most scapula fractures can be treated with closed treatment. More than 90% of scapula fractures have minimal displacement, primarily because of the thick, strong support provided by the surrounding soft tissues. Treatment is symptomatic. Short-term immobilization in a sling and swathe bandage is provided for comfort.

Usually treated non-operatively without restrictions. Can have ORIF for non-unions

Exam 2 Review Flashcards by Mykia Woolridge

What motion does the serratus anterior perform?

adduction and lateral rotation

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What motion does the upper trapezius perform?

elevation

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What motion does the middle trapezius perform?

scapular adduction

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What motion does the lower trapezius perform?

depression and upward rotation

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What motion do the rhomboids (major & minor) perform?

scapular adduction and medial rotation

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What motion does the levator scapulae perform?

elevation

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What motion does the pectoralis minor perform?

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What is the serratus anterior origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Lateral surface of the upper eight ribs.

Insertion: Vertebral border of the anterior surface of the scapula

Nerve: Long Thoracic Nerve

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What is the upper trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Occipital bone

Insertion: Outer third of the clavicle

Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve

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What is the middle trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Spinous processes of C7 – T3

Insertion: Scapular spine

Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve

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What is the lower trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Spinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Base of the scapular spine

Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve

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What is the levator scapulae origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae

Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and spine

Nerve: Third and fourth cervical nerves and the Dorsal Scapular nerve

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What is the rhomboids origin, insertion, action, and nerve?

Origin: Spinous processes of C7 – T5

Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the spine and inferior angle.

Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve

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Scapulo-humeral Rhythm:

– 2:1 ratio between glenohumeral movement and scapular movement for abduction and flexion AFTER 1St 30 degrees abd or flexion

– All joints need to move in order to get good sh. rhythm

– If the clavicle doesn’t rotate (at the SC joint), then abduction is limited to 110 degrees

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What muscles are involved in shoulder impingement?

supraspinatus
deltoid?

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when the top outer edge of your shoulder blade (scapula) pinches your rotator cuff causing pain

shoulder impingement

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How do you measure shoulder subluxation?

using the palpate gap between the inferior aspect of the acromion and the superior aspect of the humeral head

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Scapula Fractures:

Most scapula fractures can be treated with closed treatment.

More than 90% of scapula fractures have minimal displacement, primarily because of the thick, strong support provided by the surrounding soft tissues.
Treatment is symptomatic. Short-term immobilization in a sling and swathe bandage is provided for comfort.

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Clavicle Fractures:

Usually treated non-operatively without restrictions.
Can have ORIF for non-unions

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a contraction that occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shorten and move toward each other (ex. Flexion)

Concentric contraction

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a contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen (ex. Extension)

Eccentric contraction

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a contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the muscle length (ex. a plank)

Isometric contraction

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a contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts and the muscle length and. joint angle change (ex. biceps curls, pushups)

Isotonic contraction

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Shoulder Pathologies:

Age related changes
Peripheral nerve injury
Fractures
Tendonitis
Capsulitis

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a fracture that punctures the skin

opened fracture

a fracture that does not puncture skin

closed fracture

a fracture that has two fracture fragments

simple fracture

a fracture that has multiple fragments

comminuted fracture

moment arm is the perpendicular distance that forms the line of force to the axis of rotation

Torque

Example of torque:

1. the turning of the bicycle wheel 2. bolt twist or the opening of a door by its hinge

What nerve innervates the teres major?

lower subscapular nerve

What nerve innervates the teres minor?

axillary nerve

What nerve innervates the subscapularis?

upper and a lower subscapular nerve

What nerve innervates the infraspinatus?

suprascapular nerve

Levers:

Axis Resistance Force

Axis: (most cases the joint)

The pivot point In people, in most cases this is the joint.

Resistance:

Is what the lever system is attempting to move or lift It is counterbalanced by force

Force:

 The primary force behind the lever system.  This is what makes the lever go into action and counterbalances the resistance.  In people, this would be the muscles contracting

First Class levers: (ex. seesaw)

* Axis in the middle * Resistance on one end * Force on the other end

Second Class Levers: (ex. wheelbarrow)

* Axis on one end * Resistance in the middle * Force on the other end

Third Class Levers: (ex. screen door)

*Most common in the body * Best for distance and speed (aka ROM)  Biceps

If the axis is in the middle what type of lever is it?

first-class lever

If the resistance is in the middle what type of lever is it?

second-class lever

If the force is in the middle what type of lever is it?

third-class lever

the point on which the beam pivots (ex. where the seesaw tilts)

fulcrum

Should an arm trough be short or long?

long

a muscle or muscle group that causes motion

agonist

a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist

antagonist

Law of Inertia: (ex. seatbelt)

*an object in motion wants to stay in motion, an object at rest wants to stay at rest. *Need to generate enough force to get the object out of state of inertia *The greater the mass, the more force is needed to change the inertia

Law of Acceleration: (ex. kicking a ball)

*the amount of acceleration (increasing speed/velocity) depends on the strength of the force applied to the object *The amount of acceleration is proportionate to the amount of force applied. *The greater the mass, the more force is needed to achieve the same acceleration as something with a smaller mass

Law of Action-Reaction: (e. trampoline)

*for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Examples: trampoline, sitting in a wheelchair, splint-making

a force that occurs in the same plane and the same or opposite direction. (ex. 2 people pulling in opposite directions)

parallel forces

occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect. (ex. muscles together to rotate the trapezius)

force coupling

Upper and Lower Motor Neuron:

Upper motor neuron lesions- spasticity, hyperreflexia Lower motor neuron lesion: flaccidity, hyporeflexia

Bony landmarks:

Inferior angle of scapula Spine of scapula Superior angle of scapula Sternoclavicular joint Acromion process Medial epicondyle of humerus Suprascapular notch Lateral epicondyle of humerus Supraspinous fossa Bicipital groove Infraspinous fossa Glenoid fossa Subscapular fossa Coracoid process Axillary (lateral) border of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Vertebral (medial) border of scapula Olecranon process of ulna Radial styloid Ulnar styloid

the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal. It's also the point at which all planes of the body intersect.

Center of gravity (COG)

What is the motion of the shoulder girdle?

Elevation Depression Adduction Abduction

What are the shoulder girdle muscles?

Serratus Anterior Trapezius Levator Scapulae Pectoralis Minor Rhomboids

a plane when two or more forces are acting along the same line. (ex. two people pulling in the same direction.

linear force

is that part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface

Base of Support (BOS)

imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity

Line of gravity

a neuron that synapses above the anterior horn

Upper motor neuron

a neuron that synapses at or below the anterior horn

Lower motor neuron

a kinetic chain where the distal segment is free to move while the proximal segments can remain stationary

open kinetic chain

a kinetic chain where the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves

closed kinetic chain

Example of an opened kinetic chain applied to a person:

when you rise from a sitting position your knees extend, causing your hips and ankles to move as well

Example of a closed kinetic chain applied to a person:

when you remain seated and extend your knee, your hip, and ankle would not move

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

(67 cards)