Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Federalism

Answer 1

a system of government in which the same territory is
controlled by two levels of government.

Question 2

Dual Sovereignty

Answer 2

the States have
surrendered many of their powers to the Federal Government, but
also retained some sovereignty.

Question 3

Unitary System

Answer 3

A system of government in which power is
concentrated at the national level. Examples include Ireland, Norway,
Japan, and Romania.

Question 4

Confederal System

Answer 4

: A system of government in which power is
concentrated at the subnational level. Historical examples include the
United States under the Articles of Confederation the Confederate
States of America during the Civil War. No modern countries have this
system

Question 5

Federal System

Answer 5

: A system of government in which power is divided
roughly between the national and subnational levels. The United
States, Germany, Canada, Australia, Mexico are examples.

Question 6

Enumerated Powers

Answer 6

: Powers that are granted to the national
government in the Constitution. Examples include raising armies,
coining money, and declaring war.

Question 7

Reserve Powers

Answer 7

Powers that are reserved for the state governments
by the 10th Amendment of the Constitution. Examples include
conducting elections, issuing licenses, and providing public education.

Question 8

Concurrent Powers

Answer 8

Powers that are shared by the national
government and the state governments. States can establish their own
court systems, write their own laws, and tax within their state
boundaries.

Question 9

Polycentricity

Answer 9

Multiple overlapping governments at the local level, voting with your feet

Question 10

Fiscal Federalism

Answer 10

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments.

Question 11

Incorporation

Answer 11

The process by which the Supreme Court rules
that a right mentioned in the Bill of Rights must be respected by
the states. This started with the 14th Amendment.

Question 12

Establishment Clause

Answer 12

: The part of the First Amendment which
prevents the government from establishing an official religion or passing
laws that favor or disfavor particular religions.

Question 13

Free Exercise Clause

Answer 13

: The part of the First Amendment which prevents
the government from interfering with citizens’ religious practices.

Question 14

Freedom of Expression Clause

Answer 14

Freedom of expression is the right to share ideas and opinions without fear of censorship or punishment.

Question 15

Sedition

Answer 15

Speech that criticizes the government in order to
promote rebellion

Question 16

Libel

Answer 16

Written Defamation of Character

Question 17

Slander

Answer 17

Verbal Defamation of Character

Question 18

Habeas Corpus

Answer 18

Except in extreme cases, citizens have the right of ____________ which prevents them from being imprisoned indefinitely without a hearing or a trial

Question 19

Bill of Attainder

Answer 19

would allow the government to
declare certain acts illegal and punishable without a trial.

Question 20

Ex Post Facto Law

Answer 20

retroactively banning
actions that were legal at the time they were committed.

Question 21

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 21

“all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a
State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free.” Issued by Lincoln on January 1st, 1863. This did not end slavery.

Question 22

Juneteenth

Answer 22

June 19, 1865: Major General Gordon Granger ordered the final enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas at the end of the Civil War.

Question 23

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 23

Laws passed after the Civil War amendments to
discriminate against African Americans and to preserve the existing
racial order in the south.

Question 24

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 24

outlawed major forms of discrimination against
racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women. It
ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and
racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities
that served the general public.

Question 25

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 25

outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.

Question 26

Cult of True Womanhood

Answer 26

The idea that the only “true” woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family

Question 27

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 27

“We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

Question 28

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 28

In 1921, Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman followed the example of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and wrote a proposed amendment to the Constitution, the Equal Rights Amendment. But it is still waiting to pass.

Question 29

Glass Ceiling

Answer 29

The invisible but impenetrable barrier that most women face when trying to ascend the corporate or political ladder

Question 30

Implicit Bias

Answer 30

The tendency for passing thoughts to confirm existing stereotypes in our minds, even if we quickly catch them

Question 31

Cooperative Federalism

Answer 31

allows the national government to make laws that are essential to carrying out the government’s inherent powers.

Question 32

Dual Federalism

Answer 32

National government should rule by enumerated powers only and has a limited set of constitutional purposes.

Question 33

First Amendment

Answer 33

Freedom of Speech, Press, Assembly, Religion, and Petition

Question 34

Second Amendment

Answer 34

Right to Bear Arms

Question 35

Third Amendment

Answer 35

No Quartering Soldiers

Question 36

Fourth Amendment

Answer 36

No unreasonable search or seizure

Question 37

Fifth Amendment

Answer 37

No double jeopardy or self incrimination

Question 38

Sixth Amendment

Answer 38

Right to a speedy trial and right to counsel

Question 39

Seventh Amendment

Answer 39

Guarantee for jury trials for civil cases in which the controversy is over $20

Question 40

Eighth Amendment

Answer 40

No cruel or unusual punishment or excessive bail

Question 41

Three Prongs of the Lemon Test

Answer 41

* The statute must have a secular legislative purpose; * Its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; * The statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.

Question 42

Three Prongs of the Miller Test

Answer 42

a work, such as a film, play, or book, is obscene and may be regulated if: * The work taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest; * The work portrays sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and * The work taken as a whole lacks serious literary, political, or artistic value

Question 43

13th Amendment

Answer 43

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude except as a punishment for a crime

Question 44

14th Amendment

Answer 44

Defines citizens; provides equal protection under the law

Question 45

15th Amendment

Answer 45

Prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (but leaves out women!)

Question 46

19th Amendment

Answer 46

Established women’s suffrage

Question 47

26th Amendment

Answer 47

Established right to vote for citizens 18 and older

Question 48

Where Indiana stood with women's rights before 1920 (the 19th Amendment)

Answer 48

No Suffrage

Question 49

South Dakota v. Dole

Answer 49

In 1984, Congress enacted legislation ordering the Secretary of Transportation to withhold five percent of federal highway funds from states that did not adopt a 21-year-old minimum drinking age. South Dakota, a state that permitted persons 19 years of age to purchase alcohol, challenged the law. Congress won

Question 50

WV Board of Education v. Barnett

Answer 50

In 1942, the West Virginia Board of Education passed a regulation requiring schoolchildren to salute the American flag; recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance was also required. Failure to comply was considered "insubordination" and dealt with by expulsion from school; the expelled student would then be considered a delinquent, and their parents could be fined up to $50 (about $930 in 2023 dollars) and jailed up to thirty days. Barnett sued and won.

Question 51

Texas v. Johnson

Answer 51

Be able to burn a flag in protest

Question 52

Morse v. Frederick

Answer 52

: Cannot advocate illegal drug use at a school sponsored event (re: the Bong Hits for Jesus case)

Question 53

Mapp v. Ohio

Answer 53

: You cannot use illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in court

Question 54

Gideon v. Wainwright

Answer 54

established the right to a public defender.

Question 55

Gregg v. Georgia

Answer 55

Lifted the national moratorium on the death penalty Indiana and Kentucky have the death penalty.

Question 56

Griswold v. Connecticut

Answer 56

a constitutionally protected right to privacy, also applies to your spouse

Question 57

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 57

segregation didn’t violate the Fourteenth Amendment unless the separate facilities provided were unequal

Question 58

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 58

Outlawed segregation in public schools; overturned Plessy.

Question 59

Loving v. Virginia

Answer 59

Legalized interracial marriages.

Question 60

Frontiero v. Richardson

Answer 60

decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.

Question 61

Weinberger v. Weisenfield

Answer 61

successfully argues that a provision of the Social Security Act providing for sex- based distinctions in the award of social security benefits is unconstitutional.

Question 62

United States v. Virginia

Answer 62

VMI’s discriminatory admissions policy violates women’s equal protection rights

Question 63

Ledbetter v. Goodyear

Answer 63

The Court rules against plaintiff, the sole female supervisor at a tire plant who alleged that she was paid less than her male counterparts, citing too long a delay between the initial equal pay violations and the filing of the lawsuit. In response to this decision, President Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act in 2009, allowing victims of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government within 180 days of their last paycheck.