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ATR 515 Therapeutic Exercise > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Strength is usually measured by a ____, but a rehabilitation assessement uses a _____.

A

1RM: 10RM

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2
Q

What other tools can be used to test strength?

A

isokinetic machines
grip dynamometer
pinch dynamometer

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3
Q

Force = ___ x ___

A

mass x acceleration

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4
Q

The maximum force that a muscle or muscle group can exert is called

A

strength

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5
Q

What is endurance?

A

the ability of a muscle or a muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a less-than-maximal load

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6
Q

How can endurance be measure?

A

of repetitions performed within an established period of time

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7
Q

The time rate of doing work is called

A

Power

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8
Q

How can power be increased?

A

performing the same amount of work in less time or increasing the amount of work performed in the same period of time

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9
Q

_____ depends on coordination, efficiency of movement and timing

A

speed

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10
Q

Would you develop power and speed after or before strength in a rehab program?

A

after

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11
Q

True or False

Endurance depends on the status of the energy systems available and the quantity of forces resisted

A

True

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12
Q

In order to produce strength gains, a resistance level of at least _____ of the muscle’s max must be used.

A

66%

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13
Q

How many reps and what percentage of 1RM is required to achieve strength gains?

A

3-9 repetitions at least 90% of 1RM

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14
Q

High intensity and low volume produces which type(s) of muscle fibers?

A

Type II (fast twitch)

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15
Q

what is the protocol of train for endurance?

A

low intensity and high volume

+20 repetitions at least 70% 1RM

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16
Q

6-12 repetitions at 70-90% 1RM will produce gains in _____ and _____.

A

strength : endurance

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17
Q

what intensity of resistance training is needed to produce hypertrophy of type I and type II muscle fibers?

A

moderate intensity

6-12 repetitions at 70-90% 1RM

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18
Q

Number of repetitions performed depends on

(a) patient’s pain tolerance
(b) phase of the healing process
(c) demands on the patient after return to competition
(d) all of the above

A

(d) all of the above

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19
Q

list common types of measurements for strength.

A

1RM bench press

1RM back squat

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20
Q

list common types of measurements for muscular endurance.

A

of push-ups in 2-minutes or as many continuous push-ups to fatigue

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21
Q

list common types of measurements for aerobic capacity.

A

1.5mi run, 12-minute run

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22
Q

list common types of measurements for power.

A

1RM power clean
vertical jump
standing long jump
stair sprint test

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23
Q

muscle tension that is created without a change in the muscle’s length is called

A

isometric contraction

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24
Q

static activity involves _____ muscle contractions.

A

isometric

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25
Q

When would you use static activity?

A

when wanting to strengthen muscle without imposing undue stress on injured or surgically repaired structures and when the muscle is too weak to provide sufficient resistance against gravity or other outside forces

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26
Q

dynamic activity is divided into _____ and _____.

A

isotonic : isokinetic

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27
Q

_____ involve a chance in the muscle’s length.

A

isotonic contractions

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28
Q

_____ activity is divided into concentric and eccentric

A

isotonic

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29
Q

lowering dumbbell during a bicep curl is an example of an ____ contraction.

A

eccentric

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30
Q

elbow flexion during a biceps curl is an example of an _____ contraction.

A

concentric

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31
Q

explain an econcentric contraction.

A

-controlled concentric and concurrent eccentric contraction occurring at the same time in the same muscle that crosses over 2 joints

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32
Q

give an example of a ecoconcentric contraction.

A

rectus femoris controls eccentric contraction during the lower portion of the squat and concentrically flexes the hip

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33
Q

True or False
With isokinetic movements, velocity is constant and resistance provided to the muscle varies as the muscle goes through its range.

A

true

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34
Q

What is a subjective way of measuring strength?

A

Manual Muscle Testing

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35
Q

Define MMT?

A

assessment of a muscle’s ability to move a joint through normal ROM in an isolated manner.

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36
Q

Which is the most commonly used method for assessing strength in rehabilitation and why?

A

MMT because it’s cheap, clinician receives immediate feedback, can be quickly administered

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37
Q

Muscle strength is determined by which factors?

A 
angle of joint
length of muscle
speed of contraction
muscle size & arrangement
number & type of muscle fibers
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38
Q

True or False

The greatest force production occurs when the tendon’s moment arm is at its shortest length

A

False

longest length

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39
Q

Length tension determines the amount of force directed to cause rotation of the joint and the amount of force directed at compression or distraction of the joint

A

False

joint angle

40
Q

What fiber arrangements are able to produce a greater force?

A

parallel fiber arrrangements due to their larger CSA

41
Q

True or False

There is a direct correlation between a muscle’s cross-sectional size and its strength.

A

True

42
Q

What is the optimal length of a muscle to produce increased strength?

A

slightly beyond its resting length

43
Q

When max muscle force is desired, it is advantageous to produce a __________ of the muscle to use its elastic energy component.

A

quick stretch

44
Q

Cross section is greater when muscles are arranged in a _____ arrangement.

A

pennate

45
Q

Give an example of pennate muscle.

A

gastroc (bipennate)

deltoid (multipennate)

46
Q

Give an example of shortening-velocity muscle.

A

sartorious

47
Q

If two people have the same size muscle, what may be a factor in the differences between their strength and speed?

A

angle of pennation

48
Q

_____ fibers have more muscle fibers in each motor unit, therefore can produce more force than _____ fibers.

A

Type II (FT) : Type I (ST)

49
Q

What are the 7 factors that affect muscle contraction?

A
  1. number & type of fiber
  2. neuromuscular efficiency
  3. diameter of the muscle fiber
  4. biomechanical factors
  5. gender
  6. age
  7. overtraining
50
Q

What is the difference between Type IIa and Type IIb muscle fibers?

A

Type IIb fibers require a high intensity stimulus in order to fire and Type IIa fibers have qualities of slow twitch and fast twitch muscles.

51
Q

how is the ratio of slow twitch and fast twitch determined?

A

genetically determined

52
Q

The ability to recruit motor units, increase firing rate and synchronization is called __________ .

A

neuromuscular efficiency

53
Q

True or False

Velocity of contraction increases but muscle force decreases with a concentric contraction.

A

True

54
Q

Chose one option:

Muscle force and velocity (decrease/increase) with eccentric muscle contractions.

A

increase

55
Q

What is the main contributor to males being stronger than females?

A

testosterone

56
Q

At what age range is peak force highest?

A

20-25 years

57
Q

What is the most credible theory for muscle hypertophy?

A

Muscle hypertophy

58
Q

What are the two contractile elements in muscle?

A

actin and myosin

59
Q

Explain the “number of capillaries” theory for hypertrophy.

A

dormant capillaries become activated due to the muscle working harder, no new capillaries are formed

60
Q

Explain the “increase number and size of myofilaments” theory for hypertrophy.

A

Stress placed on muscles during resistance training causes microtears within the muscle fibers, repair of these fibers lead to an increase in CSA

61
Q

What are other adaptations to resistance training?

A

increase in bone mineral density, non-contractile tissue strength increases, minimal improvement in VO2 max

62
Q

Define the overload principle.

A

muscle must be stressed at a higher than normal level to improve strength

63
Q

True or False

Training against a resistance will maintain strength but will not increase it unless the muscle is overloaded

A

True

64
Q

A 10 second isometric contraction is greater than or equal to _____ repetitions.

A

10

65
Q

Why should isometric contractions be used at various angles?

A

strength is only gained at the angle in which the isometric contraction is performed

66
Q

PREs should use _____ and _____ contractions for greatest strength increases to occur.

A

eccentric : concentric

67
Q

Why do eccentric contractions fatigue less than concentric?

A

they require lower level motor unit activity to achieve the same force of a concentric contraction therefore when motor units fatigue other can be recruited

68
Q

An individual can generate ____ % greater force against resistance with an eccentric contraction compared to a concentric contraction.

A

30

69
Q

What is the ratio of concentric to eccentric

A

1:2

70
Q

What are some advantages of free weights?

A

uses accessory muscles as control, requires the body to engage, forces athlete to maintain proper control through the entire ROM

71
Q

Chose one.

(OKC, CKC) exercises produce high velocity movements, put more pressure on the joint and can isolate weaker muscles.

A

Open kinetic chain

72
Q

With open kinetic chain, the _____ segment moves freely in space during the exercise.

A

distal

73
Q

Define closed kinetic chain exercises.

A

distal segment is weight bearing and body moves over foot or hand

74
Q

Give an example of OKC exercise.

A

biceps curl

75
Q

Give an example of CKC exercise.

A

Back squats

76
Q

Why should open and closed kinetic chain exercises be incorporated into a rehabilitation program?

A

Because muscle recruitment patterns and joint movements are different for each type of exercise

77
Q

What are some characteristics and benefits of open kinetic chain exercises?

A

good for improving strength
acceleration forces
resistance forces
distraction and rotational forces

78
Q

What are some characteristics and benefits of closed kinetic chain exercises?

A

joint stability
stimulates proprioceptors
more functional
joint compressive forces

79
Q

Define plymetrics.

A

a quick eccentric movement followed by a burst of concentric activity to produce a desired powerful output of the muscle

80
Q

Explain the stretch shortening cycle.

A

elastic energy is generated and stored during the eccentric stretch phase and released when followed by a quick concentric contraction

81
Q

What proprioceptors are stimulated during plyometrics in order to cause a reflexive muscle action.

A

muscle spindles

82
Q

What is the adequate strength base to performing plyometrics?

A

1RM

Power squat test

83
Q

What is the adequate strength dynamic and static stability to performing plyometrics?

A

single-leg balance
single-leg quarter squats
single-leg broad jump

84
Q

What is the work to rest ratio for plyometrics?

A

1: 3
1: 4

85
Q

How many foot contacts is considered low volume for plyometrics?

A

75-100

86
Q

How many foot contacts is considered high volume for plyometrics?

A

200-250

87
Q

Why is proprioception and NM control essential in the rehab process?

A

they increase athletes’ awareness of peripheral sensation, coordinated motor strategies, protects joints from excessive strain, provides prophylactic mechanism to recurrent injury

88
Q

List the 4 purposes of NM control activities.

A

refocus joint position sense
process signal into more coordinated motor strategies
protect joint structures from excessive strains
prophylactic mechanism

89
Q

What does injury do to proprioception and NM control?

A

damages microscopic nerves associated with peripheral mechanoreceptors disrupting sensory feedback, joint stabilization and NM coordination.

90
Q

Muscle spindles and GTOs are examples of _____ receptors.

A

musculotendon

91
Q

_____ are sensitive to vibration, compression and measure joint motion.

A

pacinian corpuscles

92
Q

This type of joint mechanoreceptor is only stimulated in weight bearing and sensitive to joint compression but not joint motion.

A

golgi mazzoni

93
Q

_________ sensitive to stretching of the joint capsule, respond to loads on connective tissues, measure joint motion

A

Raffini endings

94
Q

Give an example of a small diameter joint mechanoreceptor.

A

golgi-mazzoni corpuscles

95
Q

which group of afferent fibers have the fasters conductivity

A

Group II (pacinian corpuscles, raffini endings)

96
Q

this group of afferent fibers is only stimulated with pain and inflammation.

A

Group IV (C fibers)

97
Q

Slow adapting joint receptors include…

A

Type III and IV

ATR 515 Therapeutic Exercise (1 decks)

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