Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(21 cards)
The auditory ________ is a specialized cell to _______ impulses. It is composed of the cell body, _____, myelin sheath, and _________.
Dendrites are branches that _________ impulses.
The axon is a _________ length and ________ impulses.
The axons that carry the impulses from the ________ have their cell bodies in spiral ganglion in the ________. They join together to form the ____ cranial nerve.
Auditory neurons are ________, dendrites are _________ to the hair cells, axon connecting to the _________.
The auditory NEURON is a specialized cell to CONDUCT impulses. It is composed of the cell body, AXON, myelin sheath, and DENDRITES.
Dendrites are branches that RECEIVE impulses.
The axon is a VARIABLE length and TRANSMITS impulses.
The axons that carry the impulses from the COCHLEA have their cell bodies in spiral ganglion in the MODIOLUS They join together to form the VIIIth cranial nerve.
Auditory neurons are BIPOLAR, dendrites are CONNECTED to the hair cells, axon connecting to the BRAINSTEM.
The electric charge is ___________ by the axon. Connections between neurons are called __________.
___- or- _____ principle states that once threshold is _________, neuron will respond with __________ charge.
The __________ action on the cilia due to the up-down movement of the __________ membrane generates a __________ and negative potential.
This causes the creation of an alternating electric current and is called the _________ microphonic.
The electric charge is GENERATED by the axon. Connections between neurons are called SYNAPSES.
ALL- or- NONE principle states that once threshold is REACHED, neuron will respond with MAXIMUM charge.
The SHEARING action on the cilia due to the up-down movement of the BASILAR membrane generates a POSITIVE and negative potential.
This causes the creation of an alternating electric current and is called the COCHLEAR microphonic.
The VIIIth cranial nerve _____ the cochlea through the modiolus through the _________ auditory ______, to the brainstem.
The structures of the brainstem inferiorly to superiorly are reticular formation, ________, pons, and ___________.
CN VIII exits the internal _________ canal near the ________________ angle (CPA).
The VIIIth cranial nerve EXITS the cochlea through the modiolus through the INTERNAL auditory CANAL, to the brainstem.
The structures of the brainstem inferiorly to superiorly are reticular formation, MEDULLA, pons, and CEREBELLUM.
CN VIII exits the internal AUDITORY canal near the CEREBELLOPONTINE angle (CPA).
________ to Internal Auditory Meatus to _____ (VSLIM) to Auditory cortex.
VSLIM:
________/_______Cochlear Nucleus (Pons)
Superior _________ Complex (Medulla)
_________ Lemniscus (Pons)
Inferior __________ (Midbrain)
________ Geniculate (Thalamus)
All of these are __________.
COCHLEA to Internal Auditory Meatus to CPA (VSLIM) to Auditory cortex.
VSLIM:
VENTRAL/DORSAL Cochlear Nucleus (Pons)
Superior OLIVARY Complex (Medulla)
LATERAL Lemniscus (Pons)
Inferior COLLICULUS (Midbrain)
MEDIAL Geniculate (Thalamus)
All of these are SYNAPSES.
Ventral/Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus splits into _ streams of info. Both are ___________ and ipsilateral..
It functions as a ______ station.
________ goes straight to the _________ Lemniscus (VLIM). This half of the cochlear nucleus analyzes the _______ of ______.
________ goes to the _________ _________ Complex. This half contributes to the _____________ of sound.
It also is responsible for the _________ response to ______.
Ventral/Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus splits into 2 streams of info. Both are CONTRALATERAL and ipsilateral..
It functions as a RELAY station.
DORSAL goes straight to the LATERAL Lemniscus (DLIM). This half of the cochlear nucleus analyzes the QUALITY of SOUND.
VENTRAL goes to the SUPERIOR OLIVARY Complex. This half contributes to the LOCALIZATION of sound.
It also is responsible for the EYEBLINK response to SOUND.
Superior Olivary Complex located in the _________. This also functions as a ______ station.
It receives info from the ________ 1/2 of the cochlear nucleus.
It is ____________ meaning it can shut down parts of the _________ membrane in order to differentiate _______ sounds from unimportant sounds.
Responsible for comparing the _______ and loudness of sounds in each ear are, which allows you to _______ sound.
________ reflex of the stapedius muscle.
Superior Olivary Complex located in the MEDULLA. This also functions as a RELAY station.
It receives info from the VENTRAL 1/2 of the cochlear nucleus.
It is INHIBITORY meaning it can shut down parts of the BASILAR membrane in order to differentiate SPEECH sounds from unimportant sounds.
Responsible for comparing the TIMING and loudness of sounds in each ear, which allows you to LOCALIZE sound.
ACOUSTIC reflex of the stapedius muscle.
Lateral Lemniscus is located in the ______. It functions as a _______ station.
_________ Colliculus is located at ________. This is where the CPA _______ the brain. It ________ as a relay station.
Medial ___________ is located in the ___________. It functions as a relay station.
It is also responsible for the _________ fight or flight response found in the limbic system. This is in _________ to potential _______.
After the Medial Geniculate, the next location is the _________ cortex in the ________ lobe of the brain.
Lateral Lemniscus is located in the PONS. It functions as a RELAY station.
INFERIOR Colliculus is located at MIDBRAIN. This is where the CPA ENTERS the brain. It FUNCTIONS as a relay station.
Medial GENICULATE is located in the THALAMUS. It functions as a relay station.
It is also responsible for the AUDITORY fight or flight RESPONSE found in the limbic system. This is in response to potential DANGER.
After the Medial Geniculate, the next location is the AUDITORY cortex in the TEMPORAL lobe of the brain.
The _______ is separated into _ parts. The Scala _______, Scala _______, and Scala _________.
The Scala Tympani and the Scala Vestibule _____ at the end. The junction is known as the ___________.
The COCHLEA is separated into 3 parts. The Scala TYMPANI, Scala MEDIA, and Scala VESTIBULE.
The Scala Tympani and the Scala Vestibule MEET at the end. The junction is known as the HELICOTREMA.
The Scala Media is known as the cochlear _____. The ______ is formed by the Basilar Membrane, attached to the _______ Ligament.
The _____ is formed by the __________ Membrane.
The spinal _______ is composed of _ layers btw which lie the fibers of the ________ nerve.
The Scala Media is known as the cochlear DUCT. The FLOOR is formed by the Basilar Membrane, attached to the SPIRAL Ligament.
The ROOF is formed by the TECTORIAL Membrane.
The spinal LAMINA is composed of 2 layers btw which lie the fibers of the AUDITORY nerve.
The ________ Membrane consists of a _______ layer. The Organ of ______ rests on it.
The organ of corti is composed of _ types of cells, ___________ and receptive. It is located in the Scala ______.
Inner and Outer Hair cells are considered ____________.
Stria ___________ produces ___________ and provides nutrients to the ________.
The BASILAR Membrane consists of a FIBROUS layer. The Organ of CORTI rests on it.
The organ of corti is composed of 2 types of cells, SUPPORTIVE and receptive. It is located in the Scala MEDIA.
Inner and Outer Hair cells are considered SUPPORTIVE.
Stria VASCULARIS produces ENDOLYMPH and provides nutrients to the COCHLEA.
_______ hair cells are organized in rows of _ on average. The stereocilia of these hair cells are arranged in a “__” shape.
OHC have a ___________ shape almost like a test tube. They are mostly ________.
Are embedded in the ___________ membrane. Their function is to move up and down, ____________ and shrinking as they _____.
When they move, they _________ the traveling wave, which provides exact _________ discrimination. They mechanically enable the ______ hair cells to sense ____ sounds.
Damage to the ____ results in a mild to moderate hearing loss up to __ dB. The IHC need ~40 dB of energy to ________.
OUTER hair cells are organized in rows of 3 on average. The stereocilia of these hair cells are arranged in a “W” shape.
OHC have a CYLINDRICAL shape almost like a test tube. They are mostly EFFERENT.
Are embedded in the TECTORIAL membrane. Their function is to move up and down, ELONGATING and shrinking as they MOVE.
When they move, they SHARPEN the traveling wave, which provides exact FREQUENCY discrimination. They mechanically enable the INNER hair cells to sense SOFT sounds.
Damage to the OHC results in a mild to moderate hearing loss up to __ dB. The IHC need ~40 dB of energy to ACTIVATE.
Around 3500 IHC and are located on the Spinal ________. Each IHC has _ rows of stereocilia.
The length of the ___________ increase from the ____ to the _____. The cilia tend to move in _________ when one is displaced.
They __ ____ contact the tectorial membrane. 95% are _________.
The IHC do not move and are encompassed by __________ cells. These are the cells that actually do the __________ by communicating with the VIII CN.
They are ______ shaped and have a central nucleus.
Around 3500 IHC and are located on the Spinal LAMINA. Each IHC has 3 rows of stereocilia.
The length of the STEREOCILIA increase from the BASE to the APEX. The cilia tend to move in UNISON when one is displaced.
They DO NOT contact the tectorial membrane. 95% are AFFERENT.
The IHC do not move and are encompassed by SUPPORTING cells. These are the cells that actually do the HEARING by communicating with the VIII CN.
They are FLASK shaped and have a CENTRAL nucleus
The ________ membrane is a semitransparent, _________ structure that contains connective tissue fibrils.
__________ function rather than metabolic function.
It is in contact, attached to the _________ of the ____.
IHC attached to the ________.
The TECTORIAL membrane is a semitransparent, GELATIONOUS structure that contains connective tissue fibrils.
MECHANICAL function rather than metabolic function.
It is in contact, attached to the STEREOCILIA of the OHC.
IHC attached to the COCHLEA.
Cochlear fluids:
__________ is present in the Scala _______ and Scala _______.
Endolymph is present in the Scala ______.
Cochlear fluids:
PERILYMPH is present in the Scala TYMPANI and Scala VESTIBULI.
Endolymph is present in the Scala MEDIA.
Physiology of Cochlea:
______ window displaces ___________. Vibrations conducted into scala media and causes disturbances in __________.
The ___________ in the endolymph displaces the __________ membrane, thus sound moves from the base to _____.
Low frequency: max displacement at _____
High frequency: max displacement at _____
Physiology of Cochlea:
OVAL window displaces PERILYMPH. Vibrations conducted into scala media and causes disturbances in ENDOLYMPH.
The DISTURBANCES in the endolymph displaces the BASILAR membrane, thus sound moves from the base to APEX.
Low frequency: max displacement at APEX
High frequency: max displacement at BASE
Physiology of cochlea cont..
The vibrations transmitted to the _____of _____.
The outer hair cells are in _______ with the ________ membrane.
Displacement of the ________ membrane causes a _________ effect on the hair cells
______ hair cell shearing: displacement of BM. Inner hair cell stimulated by the ________ of movement
Physiology of cochlea cont..
The vibrations transmitted to the ORGAN of CORTI.
The outer hair cells are in CONTACT with the TECTORIAL membrane.
Displacement of the BASILAR membrane causes a SHEARING effect on the hair cells
OUTER hair cell shearing: displacement of BM. Inner hair cell stimulated by the VELOCITY of movement
Noise induced hearing loss caused by _________ exposure to sounds at various loudness levels over an _________ period of time.
____ cells can be injured by _ ways; intense brief _______ or continuous exposure to noise.
______ hair cells are typically damaged _____. Damage to the OHC results in a corresponding __-60dB hearing loss.
If the _____________ loss is greater than this, then there is probably _____ damage. Hearing aids help with OHC damage.
Noise induced hearing loss caused by REPEATED exposure to sounds at various loudness levels over an EXTENDED period of time.
HAIR cells can be injured by 2 ways; intense brief IMPULSE or continuous exposure to noise.
OUTER hair cells are typically damaged FIRST. Damage to the OHC results in a corresponding 40-60dB hearing loss.
If the SENSORINEURAL loss is greater than this, then there is probably IHC damage. Hearing aids help with OHC damage.
Damage to the _____ hair cells causes __________. The __________ can not be identified correctly by the ear.
The brain can then ____________ the sound. This can cause recruitment hearing, a form of _____________ hearing loss.
___________ hearing is a misperception of the damaged ________ to loudness.
Damage to the INNER hair cells causes DISTORTION. The FREQUENCIES can not be identified correctly by the ear.
The brain can then MISINTERPRET the sound. This can cause recruitment hearing, a form of SENSORINEURAL hearing loss.
RECRUITMENT hearing is a misperception of the damaged COCHLEA to loudness.
Place theory:
_____ frequency sounds selectively vibrate the ________ membrane of the inner ear near the entrance port (the oval window) the ______.
_______ frequencies travel further along the membrane before causing appreciable excitation of the membrane closer to the _____.
The basic ______ determining mechanism is based on the ________ along the membrane where the hair cells are ____________.
Place theory:
HIGH frequency sounds selectively vibrate the BASILAR membrane of the inner ear near the entrance port (the oval window) the BASE.
LOWER frequencies travel further along the membrane before causing appreciable excitation of the membrane closer to the APEX.
The basic PITCH determining mechanism is based on the LOCATION along the membrane where the hair cells are STIMULATED.
Endolymphatic hydrops is a disorder of the ____________ system of the inner ear that stems from abnormal ____________ in the fluid called ___________.
Fluctuation causes symptoms; _________ in ears, tinnitus, _________ loss, dizziness, __________.
Can be caused by a blow to the ______, infection, ____________ of the inner ear, allergy, a ______ which is rare, or it could be unknown.
Can be managed by ____________ body fluids, maintain salt and sugar ________ at a constant, ________ intake of caffeine and _________, endolymphatic _______, or a labyrinthectomy.
Endolymphatic hydrops is a disorder of the VESTIBULAR system of the inner ear that stems from abnormal FLUCTUATIONS in the fluid called ENDOLYMPH.
Fluctuation causes symptoms; PRESSURE in ears, tinnitus, HEARING loss, dizziness, IMBALANCE.
Can be caused by a blow to the HEAD, infection, DEGENERATION of the inner ear, allergy, a TUMOR which is rare, or it could be unknown.
Can be managed by STABILIZING body fluids, maintain salt and sugar LEVELS at a constant, REDUCE intake of caffeine and ALCOHOL, endolymphatic SHUNT, or a labyrinthectomy.
_________ Disease is an abnormality of the ______ ear.
Symptoms _____ include vertigo or severe _________, fluctuating ____ frequency loss, tinnitus, and the sensation of pain or _________ in the affected ear.
There is __ cure for MD. It is episodic so ____________ treatment is recommended.
Other treatments are diet changes, ________ to place a shunt for draining purposes, or a _______________.
Must have ______ fullness, tinnitus, ________, and low frequency ______________ hearing loss to be considered MD.
MENIERE’S Disease is an abnormality of the INNER ear.
Symptoms MUST include vertigo or severe DIZZINESS, fluctuating LOW frequency loss, tinnitus, and the sensation of pain or PRESSURE in the affected ear.
There is NO cure for MD. It is episodic so SYMPTOMATIC treatment is recommended.
Other treatments are diet changes, SURGERY to place a shunt for draining purposes, or a LABYRINTHECTOMY.
Must have AURAL fullness, tinnitus, VERTIGO, and low frequency SENSORINEURAL hearing loss to be considered MD.
