Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(17 cards)
1
Q
immigration
A
- immigration refers to one moving to live permanently in a different country.
- Mexico to US immigration has created selective competition in which there is competition for jobs and wages among lower skilled workers in the US. Immigration has been a controversial issue in the U.S., as it has caused inter party disagreement on whether to allow more or less immigration and the amount of rights to give immigrants. There have been several immigration reforms such as the 1924 Immigration Act, 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, and the 1986 Immigration Reform Act.
- Mexico to US immigration has largely increased since the 1990s.
2
Q
1924 Immigration Act
A
- The 1924 Immigration Act was an immigration reform that limited the number of immigrants that came from different countries.
- The 1924 Immigration Act demonstrated the views of the Exclusionists/Anti-Liberals that want to limit the rights of immigrants as well as how many immigrants are allowed into the U.S..
- The 1924 Immigration Act was put into effect around the time that the U.S. was in recession after the first World War and jobs were needed for those who came back from the war.
3
Q
Circular Migration
A
- circular migration refers to the process in which an immigrant goes to another country to work and then returns home to their family.
- Circular migration allowed immigrants from Mexico to bring back remittances for their family. Remittances stimulate Mexico’s economy by allowing more consumerism.
- Circular migration has contributed to Mexico’s GDP since the 1990s.
4
Q
immigration surplus
A
- Immigration surplus refers to when natives are fully benefiting from immigration.
2
5
Q
low-skilled worker
A
- low skilled workers are workers in a field of work that requires minimal skill and education.
- Most of the immigrants that come to the U.S. from Mexico are low skilled workers. This causes selective competition in which “native” low skilled workers compete for their jobs and wages. This competition pushes wages down and allows businesses to make more of a profit. High skilled workers and other consumers benefit from this because they consume products at a lower price.
- Low skilled “native” workers are affected by the selective competition that occurs when immigrants work low skilled jobs at lower wages.
6
Q
selective competition
A
- Selective competition is the idea that immigrants cause competition in jobs and wages for “native” low skilled workers
- Selective competition affects native low skilled workers in the United States because they are competition with immigrants from Mexico for jobs and wages. When immigrants come to the U.S., they are willing to work for lower wages, so wages are pushed down. Businesses benefit from lower wages. Consumers benefit from lower wages because they pay less for goods.
- Native low skilled workers, are affected by selective competition that occurs when immigrants work low skilled jobs for lower wages.
7
Q
coyotes
A
- coyotes are smugglers who help unauthorized immigrants cross the border.
- Coyotes are used by immigrants from Mexico to help them cross the border unnoticed. Operation Gatekeeper and other immigration deterrences made it more dangerous to cross the border so coyotes were hired more often. This caused more selective immigration because only those who were able to hire a coyote were able to make it more safely across the border.
- When operation gatekeeper and other immigration deterrence efforts were put in place, the use of coyotes were increased because the journey to cross the border became more dangerous. However, because of this, it became more expensive to hire a coyote so less immigrants were able to make it across the border.
8
Q
immigration liberals
A
- Immigration liberals refers to a group of people who believe that there should be high admittance of immigrants and that immigrants should have a large amount of rights
- liberal views on immigration allowed for the 1924 Immigration Act
9
Q
remittances
A
- remittances are money that is sent back to family and friends of immigrants working in a different country.
- Remittances are a large contributor to Mexico’s GDP. Immigrant workers in the US send money back to their families/friends in Mexico. This promotes more consumerism in Mexico
10
Q
entrepreneurial/brain drain
A
- refers to a situation in which the more talented/educated people in a country want to move to a different country for better opportunities
11
Q
immigrant returns
A
- When an immigrant is returned to their home without force
12
Q
public goods
A
- Goods available to the public either selectively or nonselectively
- Non-excludable public goods are goods that are available to everyone in the public. excludable public goods are goods that are only given to people that qualify because it costs more money from the government. Excludable public goods include means-tested federal welfare, which are goods that are only given to people who qualify for them, such as public healthcare.
13
Q
Immigration nationalist egalitarians
A
- refers to group of people who believe that the amount of immigration should be limited but that their rights should be expanded.
- Nationalist egalitarians are usually democratic but differ from the immigration liberals who think that the amount of immigrations and the rights of immigrants should be expanded.
14
Q
full competition
A
- the idea that immigrants are taking the jobs of low and high skilled native workers.
- This is a more conservative view of how immigration affects to economy. It’s in contrast to the complementarity theory that immigrants take the “jobs that natives don’t want” However, in reality, immigration actually causes selective competition in which immigrants cause competition for low skilled workers.
15
Q
Bracero Program
A
- a program in which Mexican workers were hired to fill jobs that were emptied by men fighting in World War 2
- The Bracero program allowed Mexican workers to work in the U.S. temporarily while US workers were off fighting in World War 2. This led to the Texas Proviso, which decriminalized hiring undocumented workers, because businesses decided that they preferred paying undocumented workers the cheaper wages.
- The Bracero Program began in the early 1940s and lasted throughout World War 2 because businesses needed workers while American workers were fighting in the war.
16
Q
“jobs natives don’t want”
A
- a theory that natives don’t want lower skilled jobs, so immigrants are able to work lower skilled jobs.
- This idea goes hand in hand with the complementarity theory that states that immigrants fill the lower skilled jobs that natives don’t work or want. In reality however, immigration causes selective competition which causes lower wages which causes jobs to be less desirable to native workers.
17
Q
immigration exclusionists
A
- a group of people who believe that immigrants should have limited rights and admittances into the US
- This is a conservative group that differs in beliefs from the conservative group, the free marketers, who believe that immigrants should have high admittance but limited rights. Conservative groups such as this allowed for the introduction of the 1924 Immigration Act in which the number of immigrants from each country were limited.
- The exclusionists introduced the 1924 Immigration Act
