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COB - Human Genetics > Exam 2 - Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

What conclusions did Beadle and Tatum make pertaining to the gene-protein relation?

A

A single gene encodes a single enzyme

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2
Q

What is the region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes termed?

A

Telomeres

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3
Q

What is the region on the chromosome where there spindle fiber attaches via the kinetochore? Essential for chromosome separation.

A

Centromere structure

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4
Q

What is the funciton of telomeres?

A

Protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosome

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5
Q

What biological outcomes are associated with shorter telomeres?

A

Shorter life span and increased incidence of disease

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6
Q

What complex of proteins assoicated with centromeres of a chromosome aloow the spindle to attach during cell division?

A

Kinitochore

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7
Q

Cylindrical cell organelle, located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis.

A

Centriole

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8
Q

If a chromosome where to break and one of the fragments did not have a centromere what would occur?

A

The fragment without the centromere would degrade

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9
Q

Enzyme responsible for adding and removing turns in the coil (i.e. DNA coil).

A

Topoisomerase

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10
Q

What permits the attaction of histones to DNA?

A

Histones are positively charged and DNA is negatively charged

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11
Q

Complex formed by DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins.

A

Nucleosome

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12
Q

What is the difference in chromatin condensation between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin is less condensed and heterochromatin is more condensed

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13
Q

DNase I sensitivity sites tend to be at accesible chromatin. What can this be used to determine?

A

Gene expression

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14
Q

By testing DNase I sensitivity throughout a embryo’s lifetime researchers were able to conclude what?

A

Chromatin structure changes in the course of transcription

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15
Q

A heritable alteration of phenotype because of altered chromatin structure without changing DNA sequence.

A

Epigenetics

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16
Q

Tract of tandemly repeated DNA motif that ranges in length from two to five nucleotides typically repeated 5-50 times.

A

Microsatellite DNA

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17
Q

What is the goal of amplifying microsatellite DNA sequences?

A

Can help determine a persons “DNA fingerprint” as well as DNA profiling in cancer diagnosis

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18
Q

What would occur if the positive charges on the histone proteins was neutralized?

A

They would separate from DNA and the would not be attracted to each other

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19
Q

Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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20
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria/Chloroplast are similiar to eubacteria (i.e. circulat DNA, no histones, 70s ribosomal subunit, and grow via binary fission)

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21
Q

What is a popular example of uniparental inheritance of organelle-encoded traits in mammals?

A

Mitochondrial DNA is nearly exclusively inherited from female parent

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22
Q

The presence of more than one type of organellar genome.

A

Heteroplasmy

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23
Q

Seperation of organlles in heteroplasmic cells is guided/random.

A

Random

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24
Q

What has a higher mutaiton rate in vertebrates mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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25
Most copies of mitochondrial DNA are different/identical.
Identical
26
What is the association with aging and mitocondrial damge?
Proportional
27
What is the purpose of pronuclear transfer?
Prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease (i.e. note this is not a flawless process)
28
Why is pronuclear transfer not perfect?
There is some carry over from the mother with damaged mitochondria
29
What were the conclusions of the Beadle and Tatum experiments?
Each enzyme is encoded by a single gene
30
What is meant by a degenerate code?
AA may be specified by more than more codon
31
What are synonymous codons?
Codons that specify the same AA
32
What are isoaccepting tRNAs?
Different tRNAs that accept the same AA however they have different anticodons
33
What are sense codons?
Encoding AA
34
What is the Wobble hypothesis?
Essentially states that pair rules are flexible at the third nucleotide of a codon
35
What is meant by nonoverlapping in genetics?
A single nucleotide may not be included in more than one codon
36
Term for binding of AA to tRNA?
Charging
37
What part of a tRNA does an AA bind to?
3' (i.e. to an adenine)
38
True/False: For each tRNA there is a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase that facilitates that attachment of AA to tRNA.
True
39
What are Kozak Sequences?
Consensus sequences that signal the beginning of the coding sequence
40
What components are required during initation of translation?
Initiation factors and GTP
41
What proteins are recruited in the presence of a stop codon, they bind to the ribosome, and facilitate release of the polypeptide?
Release factors
42
Generally what processes are involved in translation?
tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, and termination
43
What is a polyribosome?
An mRNA with several ribosomes attached
44
What are structural genes?
Genes that encode for non-regulatory proteins
45
What are regulatory genes?
Genes that encode for proteins that interact with other sequences thus affecting transcription and translation of those sequences such as transcription factors
46
What are regulatory elements?
DNA sequences that are not transcribed but regulate other nucleotide sequences
47
What is constitutive expression?
Gene that are always expressed under normal cellular conditions
48
What is positive control?
Control that stimulates gene expression
49
What is negative control?
Control that inhibits gene expression
50
60-90 AA responsible for binding to DNA, forming hydrogen bonds with DNA.
Domains
51
Within a binding domain, a simple structure that fits into the major groove of the DNA.
Motif
52
A DNA sequence encoding products that affect the operon function but are not part of the operon.
Regulator gene
53
List some difference in gene expression control in eukaroytes and prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes - Structural genes have their own promoter and are transcribed indiviually, histone unwinding is required, and transcription and translation occur at seperate times and in different spaces
54
Examples of histone modifications
Addition of methy group to histone protein tail and addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins
55
What can be concluded using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)?
ID DNA-binding sites for a specific protein and locations of modified histone proteins
56
A DNA sequence that stimulates transcription at a distance away from the promoter.
Enhancer
57
DNA sequence that prevents or insulates that effects of an enhancer.
Insulator
58
A multiprotein complex that acts as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. Transmits signals from transcription factors to polymerases.
Mediator
59
Common regulatory elements upstream of the start sites of a collective group of genes in response to a common environmental stimulus
Response elements
60
Small non-coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
microRNA
61
siRNAs and miRNAs usually bind to what part of the mRNA molecule?
3' UTR

COB - Human Genetics (7 decks)

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