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exam 2 review Flashcards

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1
Q

in early heart formation, cells migrating thorugh the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the components of the heart

A

outflow tract

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2
Q

in the early embryo, during somitogenesis, how many somitomere pairs are found caudal to the most caudal somite pair

A

11

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3
Q

opposing FGF-8 and retinoic acid gradients associated with which theory regarding somite formation

A

wavefront mechanism

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4
Q

the sclerotome is derived from cells from what source

A

paraxial mesoderm

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5
Q

what is the source of the cardiogenic plate

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

an inductive stimulus from what source stimulates the transformation of the epithelial sclerotome into secondary mesenchyme

A

notochord

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7
Q

the intermediate mesoderm in teh early embryo gives rise to which system(s)/structures

A

urogenital system

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8
Q

what type of embryonic defects are charactersized as primary errors of morphogenesis that are usually multifactorial and involve a number of etiological agents including genetic and environmental factors

A

malformation

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9
Q

what condition refers to teh accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intrauterine growth

A

hydrops

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10
Q

folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformation

A

neural tube defects

(anencephaly)

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11
Q

anal atresia can be attributed to what type of disturbance

A

tissue resorption

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12
Q

what group of congential malformations makes up the largest percentage of congenital malformations

A

unknown factors

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13
Q

cleft palate is the result of a defect in what developmental mechanism

A

failure of migration

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14
Q

phocomelia is most likely to be seen after matneral exposure to which teratogenic agent during the first trimester of pregnancy

A

thalidamide

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15
Q

what are the characteristic effects caused by exposure of the fetus to alcohol

A

long thin upper lip

shortened, upwardly slanting palpebral fissures

low nasal bridge

indistinct philtrum

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16
Q

supplementing the diet of women of childbearing age with which dietary supplement may reduce the incidnece of neural tube defects such as anencephaly

A

folic acid

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17
Q

in fetal hydrops, the affected brain may become enlarged and edematous and, when sectioned, has a bright yellow color, particularly the basal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral gray, and spinal cord. what term is related to this CNS damage

A

kernicturus or jaundice

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18
Q

an increased incidence of what conditions is strongly associated with increasing maternal age

A

down’s syndrome

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19
Q

during childbirth, which membranes/layers around the embryo rupture and which do not

A

***

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20
Q

tendons of limb Mm arise from what source

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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21
Q

limb Mm arise from what source

A

ventrolateral dermomyotome

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22
Q

expression of what genes are involved in the separation of the dermomyotome into dorsal dermatome and ventral myotome

A

pax3

pax7

paraxis

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23
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components

Study These Flashcards
A

outflow tract

24
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the middle part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components

25
In early heart formation, cells migrating through the posterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components
atria
26
hydatidiform mole is related to which genetic-related condition
paternal imprinting?? Prader Willi?
27
formation of ribs on the lumbar and sacral
knockout of all Hox 10 paralogues
28
myoepithelial cells in the lactating breasts contract in response to what hormone
oxytocin
29
which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from ectoderm
hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous glands
30
which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from mesoderm
hair papilla, outer hair follicle, arrector Mm
31
the proatlas analage contributes to the formation of which structures
basiooccipital bone dens of atlas
32
what factor is antagonistic to BMP and when down regulated, allows sutures to fuse
\*\*\*
33
what structures are derived from the trophoblast
placenta chorion
34
list characteristics of early and late placenta
_early:_ thick, low permeability, small surface area, total diffusion conductance is minisdule _late:_ thin, high permeability, large surface area, large increase in placental diffusion
35
describe factors that facilitate the exchange of oxygen between the fetal and maternal blood
* fetal Hb has a high affinity for oxygen * bohr effect - Hb carries more O2 at a low PCO2 * ​fetal blood coming into placenta carries more CO2 * excess CO2 diffuses into maternal blood * fetal blood becomes more alkaline * maternal blood becomes more acidic * changes causes: * increases in capacity of fetal blood to combine with O2 * decreases in capacity of maternal blood to combine with O2 * double bohr effect
36
what factor is in the permanent cartilage pathway causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix and is continually expressed in permanent cartilage
sox-9
37
what are the effects of HCG on the corpus luteum
prevents shrinkage of corpus luteum causes corpus luteum to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens causes increased growth in corpus luteum exerts interstitial cell-stimulating effect on testes of male fetus; results in production of testosterone until birth
38
what cells can be considered immigrant with regard to teh development of the integument
* melanoblasts * derived from: neural crest * functions: produce pigament by mid-pregnancy * langerhans' cells * derived from: bone marrow * functions: APC * merkel cells * derived from: neural crest * functions: slow-adapting mechanoreceptors
39
describe the characterstics of satellite cells in reference to muscle tissue differentiation
* attached to myotubes before basal lamina is laid down and located between sarcolemma and basallamina of myofiber * mitotic and myogenic * able to fuse with muscle fiber and provide for growth * DO NOT form new muscle fibers * generally quiescent * function as stem cells * can beceom mitotic in times of stress * HGF (hepatic growth factor) binds to C-MET * gives rise to myogenic precursor cells * replace damaged muscle by proliferating, fusing, and differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers
40
what signaling molecules are expressed by the isthmic organizer
FGF-8 Wnt-1
41
what germ layers make up each of the extraembryonic membranes
amnion (inner cell mass: epiblast derivative) - ECTODERM yolk sac (inner cell mass: hypoblast derivative) - ENDODERM chorion (part of fetal maternal interface) - ECTODERM allantois (inner cell mass; interfaces with placenta via umbilical cord) - ENDODERM
42
what germ layer is absent from the oropharyngeal membrane
mesoderm
43
name the factor that is involved in the formation of rhombomeres 3 and 5
retinoic acid
44
describe the 3 circulatory arcs and their components in teh 4-week embryo
vitelline arc - yolk allantoic arc - umbilical embryonic arc
45
what transcription factor suppresses the formation of anterior gut structures and promotes hindgut development
Cdx-2
46
at what time during pregnancy does maximum secretion of HCG occur
10-12 weeks
47
what role does p53 play in the formation of the intermediate layer of the epidermis and what is its relation to miRNA-203
activation of p63 → formation of 3-layered epidermis intermediate layer → formed by miRNA-203 that inactivates p63
48
what is filaggrin and what is it specifically associated with
protein that interconnects cells of the stratum corneum is derived from one of the granular components of keratohyalin
49
compare permissive and instructive induction and give examples
_permissive_: responding tissue contains all the potentials that are to be expressed and needs only an environment that allows the expression of these traits example: _instructive_: signal from incuding cell is necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell example: underlying dermis influences the development of the epidermis (espcially of the epidermal derivatives)
50
which intramembranous bone in the body is the first to become ossified
clavicle
51
parachordal cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull
basioccipital portion of chondrocranium
52
prechordal (hypophyseal) cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embyronic skull
\*\*\*
53
list characterstics of early cardiac muscle cells
* derived from splanchnic mesoderm * early cardiac musculature does not express MyoD * both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells express MADS * begin to contract early * maintain their ability to divide by partially disassembling their contractile apparatus prior to cell division * remain as mononucleated cells and attach to each other via intercalated discs
54
what skull structures are derived from the membranous portion of the viscerocranium
part of temporal zygomatic maxillary nasal lacrimal palatine vomer pterygoid plates mandible tympanic ring
55
name the 4 components of the typical embryonic pharyngeal arch
skeltal element muscles branch of a specific cranial N artery

embryo (1 decks)

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