Exam 2 review Flashcards by angad salh

Which muscle is presumably necessary to “unlock” the knee from its extended position?

popliteus

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List the contents of the popliteal fossa (in order from deep to more superficial).

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve

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Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the thigh.

Anterior compartment:
–femoral nerve (L2-4)

Medial compartment:

- Obturator nerve
- Tibial nerve (To hamstring portion of adductor magnus)

Posterior compartment:

- Common peroneal nerve (to biceps femoris brevis)
- Tibial nerve

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Muscles in anterior compartment of thigh

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Pectineus

Quadriceps

 1. Rectus femoris 
2. Vastus lateralis 
3. Vastus intermedius
4. Vastus medialis

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muscles in medial compartment of thigh

i. Gracilis
ii. Adductor longus
iii. Adductor brevis
iv. Adductor magnus
v. Obturator externus

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muscles in posterior compartment of thigh

i. Hamstrings
1. Biceps femoris
a. Long head and short head
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus
ii. Adductor Hiatus

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blood supply to anterior compartment of thigh

femoral artery

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blood supply to medial compartment of thigh

obturator artery (branch of internal iliac artery)

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blood supply to Posterior compartment of thigh

perforating arteries (from profunda brachii)

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basic function of muscles in anterior compartment of the thigh

hip flexion and knee extension

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basic function of muscles in medial compartment of the thigh

adduction

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basic function of muscles in posterior compartment of the thigh

hip extension, knee flexion

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name nerve supply to the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

i. Tibial nerve
1. Divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves inferior and posterior to medial malleolus
2. Gives off medial sural cutaneous nerve
3. Joins with communicating branch peroneal (fibular) nerve to form
a. Sural nerve: cutaneous

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name nerve supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg

tibial nerve

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name nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg

i .Superficial Peroneal (fibular) nerve

 1. Deep to peroneus longus 
2. Inserts on lateral tuberosity

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name the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve

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Name the basic functions of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

Leg/foot stabilization

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Name the basic functions of the deep posterior compartment of the leg

plantar flexion
foot inversion
helps maintain medial longitudinal arches

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Name the basic functions of the anterior compartment of the leg

toe extension

- ankle dorsiflexion

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Name the basic functions of the lateral compartment of the leg

plantar flexion
toe eversion
maintain transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot

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The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

From common peroneal (fibular) nerve

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Which ligament is the primary support for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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Name the components of foot inversion and of foot eversion.

a. Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint 
  I. Inversion: 
     1.	Adduction (vertical axis) 
    2.	Supination (longitudinal axis) 
    3.	Plantarflexion (coronal axis)
  ii.Eversion: opposite of inversion

b.Talocalcaneonavicular joint
I. Composite joint: talocalcaneal joint + talonavicular joint

c. Transverse tarsal joint
i. Adds to inversion/eversion range
ii. Keeps distal foot inverted with lateral surface in contact with ground while hindfoot is everted
iii. Compensation between hindfoot and forefoot not possible when hindfoot is inverted

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Name the individual bones that constitute the hindfoot

talus and calcaneus

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Name the individual bones that constitute the midfoot

navicular cuboid cuneiforms

Name the individual bones that constitute the forefoot

metatarsals | phalanges

name the four components of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle

Tibionavicular Tibiocalcaneal Anterior tibiotalar Posterior tibiotalar

Which bones form the mortise and tenon joint of the ankle, and which is which?

a. Mortise i. Fibular malleolus ii. Tibial malleolus iii. Distal end of tibia b. Tenon i. Head of talus c. The tenon fits into the mortise

Which nerve(s) innervate(s) the intrinsic muscles on the dorsum of the foot?

Deep peroneal nerve

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot.

- superficial peroneal nerve - deep peroneal nerve - sural nerve

List characteristics of the dorsal and of the plantar interosseous muscles of the foot.

a. Dorsal interossei (dorsum) i. Abductors ii. Second toe is a reference b. Dorsal interossei (sole) (x4) i. Origin – adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5 ii. Insertion – medial side of proximal phalanx of digit 2; lateral sides of digits 2-4 iii. Action – abducts digits 2-4; flexes metatarsal-phalangeal joints iv. Innervation – lateral plantar nerve S2-3 c. Plantar Interossei (sole) (x3) i. Origin – each head arises from the medial side of the base of each metatarsus 3-5 and form the sheath of the peroneus longus ii. Insertion – medial side of base of proximal phalanx of the same digit iii. Action – adducts digits 3-5 at the MP joints toward the axis of the second toe; flexes the MP joints and extends the PIP and DIP joints of digits 3-5 iv. Innervation – Lateral planter nerve S2-3

list the muscles that make up the first layer of the foot

i. Abductor hallucis ii. Flexor digitorum brevis iii. Abductor digiti minimi

list the muscles that make up the second layer of the foot

i. Quadratus plantae | ii. Lumbricals

list the muscles that make up the third layer of the foot

i. Flexor hallucis brevis ii. Adductor hallucis iii. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

list the muscles that make up the fourth layer of the foot

i. 4 dorsal interossei | ii. 3 plantar interossei

The tendon of which muscle passes between two sesamoid bones located at the base of the first metatarsus?

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Name the only basicranial bone that is entirely preformed in cartilage?

Ethmoid

The supraorbital foramina (notches) are associated with which facial bone?

Frontal bone

Which fontanelle located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures?

Posterior fontanelle

The foramina rotundum and ovale are found in which of the regions of the skull?

Middle cranial fossa

The tectorial membrane is a superior extension of which ligament?

Posterior longitudinal ligament

The posterior atlantooccipital membrane is a superior extension of which ligament?

Anterior longitudinal ligament

The muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by which nerve?

Suboccipital nerve

Describe the location and attachments of the cruciform ligament.

a. Cruciform ligament = cruciate ligament | b. Holds posterior dens of C2 in articulation at the median atlantoaxial joint

Which facial muscle functions to close the eyes?

Orbicularis oculi

Name the branches of the facial artery.

a. Superior and inferior labial arteries b. Lateral nasal artery c. Angular artery

Which cranial nerve provides most of the sensation to the face?

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the very back of the head?

Greater occipital nerve

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to muscles of facial expression?

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)

The adductor hallucis is found in the third layer of muscles on the sole of the foot. It is made up of both an oblique head and a transverse head. What is the common insertion of this muscle?

Base of proximal phalanx of the great toe with the flexor hallucis brevis

The crural fascia forms retinacula in the foot. The superior retinaculum binds down tendons of muscles located in which compartment?

Anterior compartment

The popliteal fossa is formed by the borders of four muscles. Which pair of muscles forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

a. Medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius | b. Superior border – semimembranosus and semitendinosus

During knee extension, the patella is pulled proximally by the quadriceps and also laterally. Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella?

Vastus medialis oblique

Which muscle attaches to both the medial aspect of the femur (linea aspera) and the adductor tubercle, creating the adductor hiatus?

Adductor magnus

Which muscle is part of the posterior compartment of the thigh and attaches to the ischial tuberosity proximally and is capable of externally rotating the knee?

Biceps femoris longus

Which muscle separates the exit of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries from the pelvic cavity?

piriformis

Describe the innervation of the gluteal region

a. Posterior gluteal compartment is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve b. Lateral gluteal compartment is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve

Identify structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramina.

i. Structures entering or leaving pelvis 1. Piriformis muscle 2. Sciatic nerve 3. Superior/inferior gluteal vessels and nerves 4. Pudendal nerve 5. Internal pudendal artery/vein 6. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve 7. Nerves to quadratus femoris and obturator internus

Identify structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramina.

i. Structures entering or leaving perineum 1. Tendon of obturator internus 2. Nerve to obturator internus 3. Pudendal nerve 4. Internal pudendal vessels

The Trendelenburg test is used to evaluate which muscle?

a. Evaluates strength of contralateral gluteus medius

Describe the function(s) of the three capsular ligaments of the hip joint.

a. Acetabular labrum b. Transverse acetabular ligament c. Iliofemoral ligament - --- they all resist hyperextension of the hip

Describe the location and function of the ligamentum teres as related to the hip complex.

a. Proximal attachment: fovea of femoral head b. Distal attachment: transverse acetabular ligament c. Supports artery to the head of the femur

Describe the boundaries of the femoral triangle and the contents. Also list the contents of the femoral sheath.

a. Borders: i. Medial border of sartorius muscle ii. Medial border of adductor longus muscle iii. Inguinal ligament (From ASIS to pubic tubercle) b. Contents (lateral to medial i. Femoral nerve (not in femoral sheath) ii. Femoral artery iii. Femoral vein iv. Lymphatics

Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella by the quadriceps during knee extension?

Vastus medialis oblique

What is the function of the menisci and coronary ligaments in the knee complex?

a. To enhance the stability of the knee (deepens the articular surfaces) b. Distributes weight c. Reduces friction between articular surfaces

Exam 2 review Flashcards

(65 cards)