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Donny RAD SCI ll > Exam 2 S2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 S2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exam:
Collimation _____ patient dose by:

A

decreases
limiting the volume of tissue exposed to radiation

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2
Q

Exam:
What does collimation do to radiologic contrast?
How?

A

improves the radiologic contrast
by limiting the volume of tissue that can create scatter

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3
Q

Exam:
What is the aperture diaphragm?

A

fixed opening between the x-ray tube & collimator box

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4
Q

Exam:
What is the collimator?

A

adjustable lead shutters

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4
Q

Exam:
What is PBL?
What does it do?
What can you do to manipulate this?

A

positive beam limitation
automatic collimator (based on IR size)
override if the desired field size is smaller than the IR

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5
Q

Exam:
Scatter occurs commonly with:

A

large field sizes
increased tissue volume

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6
Q

Exam:
What are the other beam limitations?
What are they?

A

aperture diaphragm: fixed opening between x-ray tube & collimator box)
Mask: lead sheet with an opening used to image specific anatomy of interest (skull x-ray with a hole cut through)

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6
Q

Exam:
What does scatter do to image recptor exposure?

A

scatter increases exposure to the IR
(also decreases contrast & increase noise ALL BAD)

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6
Q

Exam:
Light/radiation field can be off by:

A

+/- 2% of the SID

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7
Q

Exam:
What is scatter also known as?

A

Secondary radiation

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7
Q

Exam:
What do grids do?

A

affect scatter reaching the IR, not the PRODUCTION of scatter

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8
Q

Exam:
What happens to scatter at higher kVp levels?
What happens to compton?

A

scatter is increased at higher kVp
Compton interactions proportionally increase at higher kVp levels

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9
Q

Exam:
What does scatter do to noise?
how does scatter affect contrast?
what does scatter do to detail, magnification, or distortion?

A

scatter increases noise
scatter decreases contrast
scatter does not affect detail, magnification, or distortion

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9
Q

Exam review:
What affects detail?

A

focal spot size
penumbra

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9
Q

Exam:
What is the number one source for of occupational exposure?

A

scatter radiation

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10
Q

Exam:
How can we reduce scatter?
what is the most effective way to reduce scatter?
second most effective?

A

increase collimation (most effective way to control)
decrease part volume (compression) (second most effective way)
reduce kVp
grids (affects scatter reaching the IR, not PRODUCTION)
distance (SID < SOD< OID) (no effect on scatter production)

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11
Q

Exam:
What is the purpose for grids?
What does it not affect?

A

restore subject contrast in an image
grids don’t affect the production of scatter radiation

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11
Q

Exam:
How do we calculate grid frequency?

A

number of lead strips per inch (100/inch)

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12
Q

Exam:
How are grids constructed?

A

alternating strips of lead & interspace material (AL most common but can also be plastic)

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12
Q

Exam:
The effectiveness of the grids is measured by:
also know as?

A

the ratio of the height of the lead strips to the width of the interspace material
grid ratio

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13
Q

Exam review:
What are focused grids?
Linear?
crosshatched?

A

grids that follow the divergent beam
run up and down (only can angle one way)
run up/down & side to side

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14
Q

Exam:
Grids can be _____ _____ or ______ (different types of grids)

A

linear
crosshatched
focused

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15
Q

Exam:
Grids are designed to be used
(need to be)

A

at a specific distance from the focal spot

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16
Q

Exam:
Focused gridlines are directed to:

A

a convergence point (generally the focal spot)

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16
Exam: Grids allow the ______ ______ to pass through ______ _______ and absorb ____ ______
primary beam lead strips scattered x-rays
17
Exam: modern grids attenuate:
70-80% of scattered photons
17
Exam: Motion will?
blur the gridlines
18
Exam: Grids should be used:
part thickness greater than 10cm kVp greater than 70 large field sizes
19
Exam: What type of grid errors are there? what is the worst case scenario?
off-center off-level off- focus upside down (worst outcome)
19
Exam: What are the grid ratios? no grid: 5:1 6:1 8:1 10:1 12:1 16:1
1 2 3 4 5 5 6
20
Exam: increasing kVp by 15% _____ image receptor exposure but only increases patient dose by _______
doubles 1/3 (kVp math will be on the test)
20
Exam: Grid math:
20
Exam: What does kVp affect?
the x-ray's beam's ability to penerate tissues
20
Exam: Grid math: Old 500 mA 1 sec 12:1 Grid New 50 mA ___ sec 6:1 grid math
Steps: 500 mA x.1= 50mA 12:1 grid (6) to 6:1 (3) (new/old) 3/5= .6 50 x .6= 30mA 30 mA/ 50 mA= .6
21
Exam: grid math Old 100 mA 5 secs 1no Grid New ____ mA .25 sec 6:1 Grid
Steps: 100 mA x .5= 50 mA no grid (1/old) to 6:1 (3/new)= 3/1 new/old 50 mA x 3= 150 mA 150 mA/.25 secs= 600 mA
21
Exam: The primary purpose of beam filtration is? (filtration)
to reduce patient exposure
21
Exam: Grid math
22
Exam: How do generators affect penetration (x-ray technique)?
(generators affect technique by adjusting the kVp (penetration) of the created x-rays) generators affect penetration by altering the average energy of created x-rays
22
Exam: What generator have an effective kVp equal to the set kVP?
portables Portables are the only generators that have an effective kVp equal to the set kVp
23
Exam: Increasing the kVp by 15%:
doubles the number of x-ray photons that reach the image receptor
23
Exam: two types of filtration:
inherent (built-in (x-ray tube glass, cooling oil, beryllium window) added (usually aluminum but can be copper)
24
Exam: what is the required filtration?
2.5 mm Al/Eq (legally)
24
Exam: What is total filtration? what filtration is not apart of this?
added + inherent filtration compensating filtration
25
Exam: what does filtration do to the average kVp? why?
increases the average kVp bc of the removal of weak x-rays by filtration
25
Exam: How is penetration measured?
half-value layers (HVL) (QC stuff)
26
Exam: What exams are compensating filters used on?
x-table shoulder x-table hip swimmers c-spine
26
Exam: What is compensating filtrations purpose?
to even out body parts that are inherently uneven
26
Exam: Compensating filtration is not considered to be apart of:
inherent or added filtration
27
Exam: What is sthenic?
a healthy average person
27
Exam: what is hypersthenic? what do we do to technique?
large body type, increased fatty tissue increase kVp
28
Exam: For postmortem how should our technique be adjusted: in first 30 minutes after 30 minutes
increased technique 35% in the first 30 minutes increase technique 50% after the first 30 minutes increase technique
28
Exam: What is asthenic? What do we do to technique?
thin and ill/old reduce kVp
28
Exam: What is hyposthenic? what do we do to technique?
thin but healthy reduce mAs
28
Exam: The caliper should:
measure along the central ray
29
Exam: What is the caliper?
device to measure a part thickness (accurately)
30
Exam: How much change in a technique is required to demonstrate a noticeable difference in an x-ray?
35% change in technique is required to demonstrate a change to a radiographic
30
Exam: How are contrast agents appearing on an x-ray? why?
contrast agents are easier to see on a radiograph due to their high atomic number (Z#)
30
Exam: What should we expect in postmortem patient in regards to technique & anatomy?
increase technique expect less air in the chest and increased fluids
30
Exam: what is the average abdomen thickness? AP: LAT:
AP: 22 cm Lat: 30 cm
30
Exam: What is the technique for iodine studies? what about single contrast studies? what about double contrast studies?
80 kVp minimum for iodine studies (urinary systems) 120 kvp for single contrast GI studies using barium 90-100 kVp for double contrast studies with air and barium
31
Exam: What is needed for contrast agents regarding technique?
increase technique to partially penetrate the contrast agent (the introduction of contrast agent requires an increase in technique to partially penetrate the contrast agent)
32
Exam: Contrast agents only affect:
image contrast
33
Exam: Casts technique should:
be increased for plaster casts
34
Exam: Technique for dry casts:
double the kVp (+15%)
35
Exam: Technique for wet casts:
triple the kVp (+15% kvp then +15% again)
36
Exam: Technique for fiberglass casts:
no change to the technique
37
Exam: Additive diseases require:
an increase in technique due to increase fluid, soft tissue, & bony growth
37
Exam: soft tissue Additive diseases: What do we increase?
Actinomycosis: 50% mAs Ascites: 50-75% mAs Carcinomas, fibrous: 50% mAs Cirrhosis: 50% mAs pulmonary edema: 50% mAs hydrocephalus: 50-75% mAs hydropneumothorax: 50% mAs pleural effusion: 35% mAs pneumonia: 50% mAs Syphilis: 50% mAs Tuberculosis, pulmonary: 50% mAs mAs
37
Exam: Destructive disease pathologies: What is being done to technique?
aseptic necrosis: 8% kVp blastomycosis: 8% kVp bowel obstruction: 8% kVp cancers, osteolytic: 8% kVp emphysema: 8% kVp ewing's tumor: 8% kVp exostosis: 8% kVp Gout: 8% kVp hodgkin's disease: 8% kVp hyperparathyroidism: 8% kVp osteitis fibrosa cystica: 8% kVp osteomalacia: 8% kVp osteomyelitis: 8% kVp osteoporosis: 8% kVp pneumothorax: 8% kVp rheumatoid arthritis: 8% kVp Deceasing kVp
38
Exam: Destructive diseases require a decrease: what should be reduced? Why?
in technique due to increased air, fat, or bony destruction kVp should be reduced as penetration is easier
38
Exam: for additive diseases with soft tissue we need to increase:
mAs to maintain subject contrast for soft tissue disease
39
Exam: for additive disease that have bony growth we increase:
kVp for bony growth in order to penetrate additional bony tissue
40
Exam: additive disease, bony growth:
acromegaly: 8-10 kVp osteoarthritis (DJD) 8% kVp osteochrondroma: 8% kVp osteopetrosis: 8-12% kVp pagets disease: 8% kVp
41
Exam: What is the typical anode angle?
15-17 degrees for diagnostic imaging (typical anode angles for diagnostic imaging range from 15-17 degrees)
42
Exam: What creates a small effective focal spot?
thin electron beam (cathode) + small anode bevel (angle, anode) (the combination of a thin electron beam (cathode) from the cathode and small anode bevel (angle) creates a small effective focal spot)
42
Exam: What and where is the effective focal spot? also can be referred to as?
below the actual focal spot projected focal spot (the effective focal spot is the projected focal spot located directly below the actual focal spot)
43
Exam: Focal spot affects: when would we use a large focal spot? when would we use a small focal spot?
spaital resoulition & heat capacity the smaller the focal spot, the better the spatial resolution large focal spots can be used when detail is not critical to reduce heat in the tube (small+ better picture, large+ better for heat capacity)
43
Exam: Which side of the x-ray beam is the weakest? why?
the intensity is weakest on the anode side of the x-ray beam due to the beam being attenuated bc of the material of the anode
44
Exam: What is the anode heel effect?
x-ray intensity from the long axis of anode to cathode side (the variation in x-ray intensity along the long axis of the x-ray beam from anode to cathode)
44
Exam: What are the typical effective focal spot sizes?
small effective focal spot: 0.5-1mm large effective focal spot: 1-2mm
45
Exam: What are the typical focal spot sizes (cathode)?
small focal spot: 1 cm large focal spot: 1.5cm-2cm
46
Exam: The anode-heel effect is more significant when using:
larger field sizes shorter SID's

Donny RAD SCI ll (4 decks)

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