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Biochem lecture > Exam 2-Stiner > Flashcards

Exam 2-Stiner Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Amylase

A

Digests starches

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2
Q

Lipase

A

Digests lipids

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3
Q

Main classes of macromolecules in food

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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4
Q

Bulk of nutrients absorbed here

A

Ileum

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5
Q

Absorption of water and electrolytes, and recirculation of bile acids to liver takes place here

A

Large intestine

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6
Q

Approximate amount of fluid passing through GI tract every day

A

7 liters

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7
Q

Sequence of events in digestion

A
  • Lubrication/homogenization with fluids
  • Secretion of enzymes
  • Secretion of electrolytes, hydrogen ions, & bicarbonate
  • Secretion of bile acids
  • Hydrolysis
  • Transport into enterocytes then to blood & lymph
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8
Q

Enterocytes

A

cells of intestine that absorb nutrients

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9
Q

Chyme

A

Liquid substance in stomach that passes into duodenum

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10
Q

This is important for digestive process and preservation of tissues of the stomach and intestine

A

H+

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11
Q

Acidic or alkaline?

  1. Saliva
  2. Stomach lumen
  3. Luminal mucus
  4. Pancreatic secretions
A
  1. Alkaline
  2. Strongly acidic
  3. Alkaline
  4. Alkaline
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12
Q

Prolonged vomiting causes direct loss of

A

H20, H+, K+, and chloride ions

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13
Q

Zymogens

A

Inactive enzyme precursors (most digestive enzymes in GI tract are secreted as zymogens)

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14
Q

How zymogens are activated

A
  • Changes in pH

- Enteropeptidases

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15
Q

Salivary glands function/absorption

A

Production of fluid & digestive enzymes for homogenization, lubrication and digestion of

  • Carbohydrates (amylase)
  • Lipids (lingual lipase)
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16
Q

Stomach absorption

A

-Proteins (HCl & proteases)

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17
Q

Pancreas absorption

A
  • Protein (Bicarbonate & proteases)
  • Lipids (Lipases)
  • Starch (Amylase)
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18
Q

Liver & Gall bladder function

A

Secretion & storage of bile acids for release into small intestine

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19
Q

Small intestine function

A

Final intraluminal digestion of food, digestion of carbohydrate dimers and specific absorptive pathways for digested material

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20
Q

Large intestine function

A

Absorption of fluid and electrolytes and products of bacterial action in the colon

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21
Q

Hydrolases

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A

All digestive enzymes are hydrolases because they hydrolyze their substrates

22
Q

90% of the fat in diet

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A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

23
Q

Initial change in physical nature of lipids occurs here

24
Q

Bile salts

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A

Active in duodenum

Essential for solubilizing lipids during digestion

25
Fate of medium & short chain (<10) fatty acids
Pass directly through the epithelial cells into hepatic portal blood supply
26
Fate of 12+C fatty acids
Bind to fatty acid binding protein & transferred to RER of enterocyte for resynthesis into TAGs
27
Process of obtaining glycerol from TAG
TAG -> 1,2-DAG -> 2-MAG -> 1-MAG -> Glycerol
28
Chylomicrons
Large particles that transport exogenous lipids from gut (assembled within enterocytes on RER then released into intercellular space via exocytosis and leave intestine via lymphatic system)
29
Fatty acid activation is accomplished by
The production of acyl-CoA derivatives by acyl-CoA synthase
30
How efficient is digestion & absorption of protein?
Extremely efficient. Only 1-2g nitrogen (6-12g protein) excreted daily from 100-300g protein taken in
31
Peptidases
Hydrolyze proteins
32
Enzymes involved in breakdown of proteins in stomach
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pepsinogen
33
___ dependent ______ is used to transport AA into enterocytes
Na+ Symporter (Active transport [REQUIRES ENERGY])
34
___ dependent ______ is used to transport dipeptides and tripeptides into enteroctyes
H+ | Symporter
35
Stomach - zymogens & endproducts
pepsinogen A & B | Peptides
36
Pancreas- zymogens & endproducts
Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Proelastase Dipeptides, polypeptides Procarboxy-peptidases Small peptides, amino acids
37
Small intestine- zymogens & endproducts
Aminopeptidase Small peptides, amino acids Dipeptidases, endopeptidases Small peptides, dipeptides
38
Celiac disease
Autoimmune disease in intestinal mucosa | Trouble digesting gluten
39
Celiac disease indicators
- Demarcated opacities - Undersized teeth - Yellowing - Grooves and/or pitting on one or more permanent teeth
40
Insulin
Secreted by beta-cells in pancreas Active during meals Dec. blood glucose Promotes anabolism of glycogen
41
Glucagon
``` Secreted by alpha-cells in pancreas Mobilizes glucose Increase blood glu Stimulates catabolism of glycogen Suppresses anabolism of glycogen ```
42
Epinephrine
Secreted by adrenal glands in adrenal medulla Inhibits glycolysis and lipogenesis Stimulates gluconeogenesis
43
GLUT-2
Insulin transporter between liver & blood
44
GLUT-4
Insulin transporter into adipose & muscle
45
Fed (absorptive state)
High insulin | Low glucagon
46
Fasting (postabsorptive) state [6-12 hours after food]
``` Low insulin High glucagon Dec. glycolysis Inc. glycogenolysis Inc. gluconeogenesis Liver switches from glucose usage to glucose production ```
47
Prolonged fasting (starvation) [12+ hours]
Chronic low insulin Chronic high glucagon Glu contribution from gluconeogenesis increases Free fatty acids are major energy substrate OAA decreases in mito to fuel gluconeo in kidney and liver Acetyl CoA accumulates Ketone bodies are now primary energy source for brain Muscle helps by releasing lactate which goes to liver to be converted to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis
48
Cori cycle
Lactate in muscle -> converted to glucose in liver -> converted back to lactate in muscle
49
Diabetes
Disorder of fuel metabolism | Characterized by hyperglycemia & vascular problems
50
Type 1 diabetes
Characterized by destruction of beta-cells Inherited disease Dependent on insulin Prone to ketoacidosis (inc. ketone bodes)
51
Type 2 diabetes
Involves insulin resistance & impaired insulin secretion. | Strong hereditary link
52
Symptoms of diabetes
- Red, sore, swollen gums - Gum recession - Loose or sensitive teeth - Different bite - Dentures may not fit well

Biochem lecture (2 decks)

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