Exam 2 study

Question 1

What is the Endocrine System?

Answer 1

Collection of glands that secrete hormones.
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, Adrenals

Question 2

Posterior Pituitary Hormone

Answer 2

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 3

Anterior Pituitary Hormone

Answer 3

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

Question 4

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 4

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving.

Question 5

Hypopituitarism

Answer 5

Deficiency of pituitary gland hormones

Question 6

Hyperpituitarism

Answer 6

Excess secretion of pituitary gland hormones
Causes: Acromegaly when > GH occurs after puberty

Question 7

Acromegaly

Answer 7

abnormal enlargement of the extremities that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Question 8

Acromegaly Symptoms

Answer 8

Coarse facial features
Enlargement of small bones
Protruding Jaw
Slanting Forehead

Question 9

Cushing’s disease

Answer 9

Elevated cortisol
Moon face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, easy bruising, hypertension

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

Overactive thyroid gland, Low TSH, high T3 & T4

Question 11

Hyperthyroidism Symptoms

Answer 11

heat intolerance, fine, straight hair, bulging eyes, tachycardia, weight loss, muscle wasting, facial flushing, tremors, diarrhea, menstrual changes

Question 12

Graves Disease

Answer 12

An autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos

Question 13

Dietary recommendations for hyperthyroidism

Answer 13

• no iodized salt
  -unsalted foods
  -Fresh fruits
  -no caffeine

Question 14

What is Hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

Underactive thyroid gland
high TSH, Low T3 & T4

Question 15

Hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 15

Intolerance to cold, receding hairline, facial and eyelid edema, thick tongue, slow speech, anorexia, dry skin, hair loss, apathy, fatigue, muscle aches/ weakness

Question 16

Myxedema coma S/S

Answer 16

Hypothermia, <HR, <RR, decreased pulse pressure, periorbital swelling

Question 17

Thyroiditis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously

Question 18

Thyroid Cancer

Answer 18

Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland adenoma

Question 19

Thyroid Storm

Answer 19

A relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

Question 20

Thyroid Storm S/S

Answer 20

Tachycardia, arrhythmias, heart failure, hypotension, hyperpyrexia, delirium, psychosis, stupor, coma, hepatic failure

Question 21

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 21

Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone, Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, OSTEOPOROSIS

Question 22

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 22

deficient production of parathyroid hormone, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, CHVOSTEK’S and TRUESSUES

Question 23

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer 23

-Contraindicated in pts who are pregnant, monitory for hypothyroidism (edema, intolerance to cold, bradycardic, weight gain), effects of therapy might not be evident for 6-8 wks, continue to take meds as directed, precautions for radiation exposure to others

Question 24

Hypophysectomy

Answer 24

Surgical removal of pituitary gland. POST-OP: Monitor dressing for CSF. Use stool softeners and antitussives to prevent straining

Question 25

Thyroidectomy

Answer 25

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland to treat persistent hyperthyroidism of thyroid tumors.

Question 26

Parathyroidectomy

Answer 26

The surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

Question 27

Pathophysiology of DM

Answer 27

Abnormalities in the body's handling of glucose in diabetes

Question 28

Risk factors for DM

Answer 28

overweight, family history, ethnicity, HTN, gestational diabetes, age, viruses, lifestyle, disease of pancreas

Question 29

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 29

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (low insulin production)

Question 30

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 30

Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

Question 31

Metabolic syndrome

Answer 31

A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors that are linked to increase risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Question 32

Metabolic syndrome factors

Answer 32

High blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar

Question 33

Diabetic Foot care

Answer 33

- Nailcare: Podiatrist, cut nail straight across, -Wear clean cotton socks/closed shoes - do not soak feet or wear ointments

Question 34

Lab Values for diabetes

Answer 34

A1C: Normal- 5.7 and below Pre- 5.7-6.4 Diabetic- >6.4 FPG: normal: <100 Pre: 100-126 Diabetic: >126 OGTT: normal: <140 Pre: 140-200 Diabetic >200

Question 35

Insulin administration

Answer 35

injection areas: abdomen, thigh, and hips Rotate injection sites and 1.5 inches apart don't rub site 45-90 degree angle and leave for 5 seconds

Question 36

Blood glucose monitoring

Answer 36

The ongoing measurement of blood sugar (glucose). Monitoring can be done at any time using a portable device called a glucometer

Question 37

Oral diabetic medications

Answer 37

Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, Acarbose

Question 38

Complications of diabetes

Answer 38

Blindness, Kidney Failure, poor wound healing, amputations of the extremities

Question 39

Hypoglycemia

Answer 39

Abnormally low level of sugar in the blood

Question 40

Hyperglycemia

Answer 40

High blood sugar levels

Question 41

DKA

Answer 41

Acetone and keytones increase Once treated expect potassium to drop have K+ ready

Question 42

HHS

Answer 42

HHS is a hyperglycemic crisis that most often occurs in type 2 and is due to some type of severe stress.

Question 43

HHS Symptoms

Answer 43

BG> 600 mg/dL, high serum osmolality > 320 mOsm/L, extreme dehydration, altered consciousness, pH > 7.3, elevated bicarbonate > 18 mEg/ L, risk of seizure

Question 44

Dietary and exercise information

Answer 44

Lower sugars and fat consumed, low impact exercise (15-30 min/ day)