Exam 2 Study Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Components of emotion
A
Appraisal Physical response Motives/action tendencies Non-verbal behaviors/expression Subjective experience
(Not in any particular order)
2
Q
Appraisal
A
Differentiates among emotions
Can be conscious or non-conscious
Ex. Is this congruent with my goals?
(Components of emotion)
3
Q
Physical response
A
Differentiates emotions (somewhat) E.g. changes in heart rate, sweating
(Components of emotion)
4
Q
Motives/action tendencies
A
Specific behaviors (actual or desired) for different emotions
(Components of emotion)
5
Q
Non-verbal behaviors/expressions
A
Most emotions involve some form of physical expression (posture, facial expressions)
(Components of emotion)
6
Q
Lexical Approach
A
Finding/studying basic emotions
Love, joy, (surprise), anger, sadness, fear
Chinese sample had shame emerge
US and China experience/definition of love differently
7
Q
Universal Facial Expressions Approach
A
Finding/studying basic emotions
Darwin: expressions are evolved, adaptive
Signal our emotional state to others
Facilitate social interaction, group life, attachment, protection from predators
8
Q
Dimensional Approach
A
Different emotions are combinations of different appraisal dimensions • valence (pos vs. neg) • arousal (high vs. low) Focus on experience of emotion Labels are arbitrary
9
Q
Basic emotions
A
Innate expression and recognition in babies
Same for people who are born blind
Other species also have these basic expressions
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, love
10
Q
Circumplex model of emotion
A
“The model assumes that all emotions very along two dimensions, from aroused to unaroused, and from negative to positive.”
Circle that can turn but still be the same
11
Q
Emotional intelligence
A
Includes accurately perceiving emotions in oneself and others, and controlling and regulating one’s own emotion
12
Q
Sources of happiness
A
- An individual set point, so it is moderately stable over time
- Objective life circumstances
- Outlook on life and the behaviors that come from it
13
Q
Reappraisal
A
Framing emotional situation differently
Can change emotional experience, physiology
But not always possible!
14
Q
Suppression
A
Inhibiting display and/or experience of emotion
Can be problematic for health, well-being
Not very effective
15
Q
Procedural knowledge
A
Like riding a bike or singing, emotion cannot be learned or fully expressed through words, but only through action and experience.
16
Q
The “me” self
A
Self as object
View of yourself
Fully conscious
17
Q
The “I” self
A
Your “soul” or the voice inside your head
Unconscious, implicit thoughts, feelings and information processing
18
Q
Declarative self
A
Conscious knowledge; beliefs about the self
19
Q
Procedural self
A
Habitual patterns of behavior; unconscious self-knowledge
20
Q
The four primary purposes to self-knowledge
A
Self-regulation
Information processing filter
Understanding others
Identity
21
Q
Self-regulation
A
Influences behavior
Thinking about the future helps us focus on long-term goals
22
Q
Information processing filter
A
We process/remember self-relevant information differently (better)
23
Q
Understanding others
A
Our own experiences guide our perceptions of others
Emotional intelligence
24
Q
Identity
A
Helps us understand our connection to broader groups
Emphasizes meaningful affiliations/relationships
25
Self-esteem
Overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between
26
Self-schema
Cognitive structure in which the declarative self resides, including all of ones ideas about the self organized into a coherent system
27
How can you improve self awareness?
Realistic Accuracy Model
| Asking what questions instead of why questions
28
How does the realistic accuracy model apply to self-judgments?
Target, relevance, availability, detection, utilization, judge
29
Self-esteem vs. narcissism
```
S-e
• stable
• realistic, authentic
• grounded in achievement
• predicts positive outcomes
Narcissism
• high but unstable self esteem
• unrealistic, defensive
• not grounded in actual accomplishments
• predicts negative outcomes
```
30
Positive illusions
Viewing oneself as above average compared to others
Believing you are more likely to obtain positive outcomes than others
Hard to assess accuracy
Linked with greater well-being
31
Self-enhancement
```
Viewing oneself more positively than others view you
More objective criteria
Short term benefits, long term costs
Linked with poor evaluation by others
Linked switch narcissism
```
32
Is self-recognition uniquely human? How is it measured?
Rogue test
- place mark on child’s face to see if they touch it— self recognition
Chimps have similar results
Dogs can self recognize by scent
33
Downward social comparison
(How we maintain self esteem)
| Maintains or increases self-esteem via favorable comparison
34
Upward social comparison
(How do we maintain self esteem)
| Could increase self-esteem via motivation to improve
35
Self-handicapping
(How we maintain self esteem)
Deliberately do activities that increase chance of failure
Provides excuse for failure
36
Defensive pessimism
Expect failure, prepare for the worst
Set low expectations
can be motivating for some people
37
Self-discrepancy theory
You have not one but two kinds of desired selves (ideal self and ought self), and the difference between them and your actual self determines how you feel
38
Ideal self
Your view of what you could be at your best
39
Ought self
Your view of what you should—as opposed to what you would like to—be
40
Conscious self schema
Contains our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
41
Self-efficacy
Our opinions about our capabilities which set the limits of what we will attempt
42
Reference groups
The group that we compare ourselves to to understand ourselves
43
Self-schema
All of ones ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system
44
Heritability
Percentage of variability wallabies by genetic factors
Estimates apply to groups, not individuals
Estimates are strongly determined by particular group being studied
45
Calculating a heritability coefficient
h = 2(r[mz]-r[dz])
46
Natural selection in terms of personality
Competition for limited resources
Random genetic variation
Adaptation to environment
Most adaptive genes most likely passed on
Adaptive traits
• increase organisms likelihood of survival and reproduction
• more likely to be passed to future generations
47
Sociometer theory (Leary)
Feelings of self-esteem evolved to monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others
48
Criticisms of evolutionary theory
1. Difficult to test empirically
2. Legitimize problematic behaviors
3. Conservative perspective
4. Largely ignores social/cultural context
49
Behavioral genetics
Addresses how traits are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives.
Controversy:
• eugenics (humanity’s improvement through selective breeding)
• cloning
• the public might think that nurture things may come from nature entirely
50
Heritability research
Twin studies
• simple, elegant, easy calculations
• does not account for rest of population, figures are averages
Calculate similarities in relatives other than twins
• gets at broader heritability
• May be too low
51
Psychic determinism
The idea that everything that happens has a cause that can be identified
(In principle, not always practice)
52
Uncovering unconscious
Hypnosis (not as much anymore)
Parapraxes (unintentional expressions of the unconscious)
Free association (allowing the mind to wander without censors)
Dream analysis
53
Critiques of psychoanalytic Approach
1. Unnecessarily complex
2. Excessive reliance on case studies
3. Definitions and terms are often vague
4. Sexist (misogynistic ideas)
5. Ideas difficult to test
54
Neo-Freudian adaptations
1. Less emphasis on sex/agression
2. More emphasis on conscious processes
3. More emphasis on interpersonal relationships
4. More positive portrayal of women
5. More emphasis on experimental methods
55
Secure attachment
Sensitive, responsive caregiving
Comfortable with physical contact
Explores environment when parent is nearby
Easily soothed at reunion
56
Avoidant attachment
```
Parental rejections
Discomfort with closeness, emotionally distant
Little exploratory activity
Cries little during separation
Avoid parents at reunion
```
57
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
```
Inconsistent responsiveness
Parental insensitivity and uncertain
Preoccupied with caregiver
Very distressed at separation
Not soothed during reunion, often angry
```
58
Disorganized attachment
No clear strategy for coping with separation
Odd, unusual behaviors
Linked to frightening parental behavior
59
John Bowlby (attachment theory) (1907-1990)
Psychoanalyst dissatisfied with prior explanations for attachment
- what about physical contact or nurturing?
Observed destructive effects of maternal separation, orphaned children
60
Mary Ainsworth (attachment theory) (1913-1999)
Individual differences in attachment quality
Home observations in US and Ghana
The Strange Situation
- laboratory assessment of infant-caregiver attachment dynamics
- roughly 12-18 month olds
-brief séparations and reunions
Came up with attachment styles
61
Attachment in adulthood
Secure: more stable relationships, better parenting skills
Avoidance: less satisfied in relationships, more likely to have casual sex
Anxious-ambivalent: more “drama” in relationships, tendency toward mental health problems
62
Id
At unconscious, motivation gratification
63
Super-ego
Conscious and preconscious
| Morals
64
Ego
Preconscious
| Allows you to act without violating morals
65
Transference
The tendency to bring ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that developed toward one important person into a later relationship with a different person
66
Psychic conflict
Conflict of the mind between the distinct and individual parts
(Psychoanalysis)
67
Fixation
Erik Erikson
| Unresolved stages of development will result in the continuous struggle of that stage
68
Regression
Erik Erikson
| When an adult is fixated on a stage of development, they tend to go back to it under stressful situations
69
Doctrine of opposites
States that everything implies, even requires, it’s opposite: life requires death, happiness requires sadness. One cannot exist without the other
70
Libido
The fixed and finite energy the mind has in order to function
71
Manifest content
Dream analysis
What the dream is actually about
72
Latent content
Dream analysis
What the dream could mean for the unconscious
73
Object relations theory
Objects: partially accurate mental images
| Modern school of psychoanalysis that deals with their implications and origins
74
Psychosocial Development
```
Revision to Freuds psychosexual theory
Goes into late adulthood
1. Trust vs. mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. guilt
4. Industry vs. inferiority
5. Identity vs. identity confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation
7. Generativity vs. stagnation
8. Integrity vs. despair
```
75
Denial
Refusing to believe the bad news or other knowledge that might make one anxious
76
Repression
Might involve failing to acknowledge that might remind a person of an unwanted thought
Could mean actually forgetting it
77
Réaction formation
Defends ones peace of mind by creating the opposite idea
78
Projection
Developing the idea that something one fears is true about themselves is actually true about other people
79
Rationalization
Comes up with a rational explanation for doing what one wants without acknowledging real motivations
80
Intellectualization
Translates anxiety-producing thoughts into theories that put emotion at a distance
81
Displacement
Moving the object of ones emotions from a dangerous target to a safe one
82
Sublimation
Provides a safe outlet for otherwise problematical desires
83
Shared and non-shared environment influences
Shared: home life, parents, socioeconomic
| Non-shared: friends, parents treatment, personality type
84
What are gene-environment interactions?
How particular genes or patterns of genes are associated with particular behavioral or personality outcomes
85
Nurture assumption
Nurture assumption stressed non-– shared environments and lessons and stress towards shared environments
86
Equal shared environments assumption
Environments for identical twins are not more similar than the environments of fraternal twins
87
Epigenetic
Environmental factors act upon genes by causing methyl groups to attach and turn genes off
88
Methylation
Epigenetic modification that can inhibit gene expression (turn off a gene)
89
Sociometer theory of self-esteem
Social rejection can decrease survival. We feel the need to belong bc there are more chances to live in the group
90
Major criticisms of evolutionary theory?
Difficult to test empirically legitimizes problematic behaviors conservative perspective largely
ignores social/cultural context
91
Short life history
Has earlier and speedier of reproduction more adaptive in dangerous environments, would offspring develop quickly
92
Long life history
House later, slower reproduction more adaptive in safer environments, when offspring are very dependent
93
Frequency – dependent selection
Evolution may maintain some maladaptive traits maladaptive traits may be adaptive only win at lower rates in the population
94
Balancing selection
Even adaptive, pro social traits have costs. Adaptive traits may vary within environments
95
Restricted versus unrestricted Sociosexuality
Unrestricted: interested in the physical attractiveness and social visibility of potential partners restricted: interested in partners personal qualities and their potential to be good parents
96
Sexual over perception bias
Men think women are into them more than they actually are
