exam 2 study guide Flashcards by Sydney Luella

chain of infection order (circular)

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

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chain of infection order acronym

instant repetition potentially makes people sad

IRPMPS

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infectious agent example

microorganism

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reservoir example

food, water, feces

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portal of exit examples

respiratory tract, broken skin, rectum

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means of transmission examples

direct/indirect/fomite // indirect = computer mouse

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portal of entry example

nose/mouth/eyes

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susceptible host example

person who is at risk

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examples of interrupting chain of infection for cholera

washing hands, using alternative pumps, better disposal of waste

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an inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and hence transferring them from one individual to another

fomite

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an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another.

vector

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how can herd immunity be acquired?

naturally acquired active immunity OR artificially acquired active immunity

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basic reproduction number is the _____

number of additional cases for each 1 case

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herd immunity is the _____

% of a population that needs to have immunity for herd immunity to be in effect

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six protocols for clinical research protocol

social value
scientific validity
fair subject selection
acceptable risk-benefit ratio
informed consent
respect for enrolled subjects/participants

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principle for scarce resource allocation: health maximization

resources allocated in such a way that the total beneficial impact on health is as large as possible

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principles in scarce resource allocation: equity

ensure everyone has equal chance of receiving a scarce resource or having care

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principle of scarce resource: personal responsibility

lower priority should be given to people whose health problems may relate to their own health behaviors; greater priority given to those who contribute to society

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4 principles of allocating scarce resource

health maximization, equity, priority to the worst, personal responsibility

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role of IRB

governing of human subjects research more successful

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how many people die from tobacco?

7 million (890,000 from second hand)

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how many chemicals are in secondhand smoke?

4,000+

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(possible) violations of ethics protocols violated by the Stanford prison experiment

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acceptable risk/benefit ratio

- respect for enrolled subjects/participants

high prevalence group tobacco rates

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youth girls

- lower-income countries including sub-Saharan Africa

high prevalence group tobacco risks

-great risk to women, children, communities

MPOWER goals

- MONITOR tobacco use and prevention policies - PROTECT people from tobacco smoke - OFFER help to quit use - WARN about dangers of tobacco - ENFORCE bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship - RAISE taxes on tobacco

tending to blame others when it’s about others, and we tend to blame external factors when it’s about us

fundamental attribution error

third party effect: tendency to estimate that others are more influenced than self

perceptual component

stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

- pre-contemplation - contemplation - preparation - action - maintenance - relapse

people in the pre-contemplation stage usually are in one of these three categories...

- unaware - in denial - tried in past, failed, no longer attempting

meta-analysis importance from transtheoretical model importance...

a one standard deviation increase in PROS must occur and an | approximately one-half standard deviation decrease in CONS must occur.

six building blocks to health belief model

- perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - perceived benefits - perceived barriers - cues to action - self-efficacy

building block that is... An individual’s belief that they will develop a disease/disease consequence, if he or she either does/doesnt engage in a particular behavior

perceived susceptibility

building block that says...An individual’s belief in the seriousness of the consequences of a disease or harmful condition

perceived severity

a building block that says...an individual's belief that there are advantages in taking action to reduce disease risk, over continuing actions that may icr. risk for disease

perceived benefits

building block that says...impediments an individual faces when adopting a behavior

perceived barriers

building block that says...environmental/internal triggers that increase/decrease the likelihood of an individuals engaging in a behavior

cues to action

building block that says...an ind. belief/confidence in his/her ability to engage in a specified behavior or to overcome a barrier to engage

self-efficacy

viewing other cultures solely through the “eyes” of own society

ethnocentrism

recognizes that cultures differ and can be evaluated only according to their own standards and values

cultural relativism

understanding the limits of cultural competence

cultural humility

``` nutritional deficiency resulting from lack of food or from the inability of the body to convert or absorb it ```

undernutrition

lack of proper nutrition

malnutrition

two way relationship with food: Infections affect ability to ___ and/or _____ food // poor nutrition reduces ______ (increases ________ to and ____ of infections/illness)

eat, absorb // immunity, susceptibility, length

2020-2025 Dietary Guideline Overview

- 6% energy from sugar intake or less - alcohol intake - non animal sources of protein - pregnancy/lactation, younger children (schools)

prevalence of mental illness

790 million

_____ is the leading cause of disability worldwide

depression

Adults in U.S. with serious mental illness die | on average __ years earlier than others

Which population(s) in MN experience the highest rates of mental illness? Of suicide?

whites // Men, American Indian

What are the negative consequences of deinstitutionalization?

prison, homelessness

"graphics": knowledge, attitudes, preferences, likes/dislikes, values

psychographics

"graphics": age, income, marital status, where they live, occupation

demographics

What are main features and tenets of risk communication?

trust, origin, nature, scope, awareness.......

(a type of emotional regulation, not necessarily reasoning) people don’t want to feel like they’ve been doing something wrong; identifying things on the outside and identifying it as “other”/outgroup

motivated reasoning

look for, see, and believe only the evidence that is in-line with my in-group’s currently held beliefs (NOT based off their demographics necessarily)

confirmation bias

role of scientific literacy in risk communication

Literacy is more fully defined by what an individual might be able to do

What have we learned from researching the deficit model of communication?

people make decisions not just based on "facts" but for complex reasons

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

(57 cards)