Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is peripheral arterial disease or PAD? How is it diagnosed and treated?
A
2
Q
What is a bruit and how do we use it to diagnose carotid artery occlusions?
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3
Q
Know the formula for cardiac output and how to algebraically manipulate it to solve for any of
the elements in it.
A
4
Q
How is the endothelial lining of arteries damaged? What substances or toxins can damage the
endothelial lining of the arteries? What can happen to the artery if it has damage to the
endothelial lining?
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5
Q
Bilateral lower extremity venous doppler
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6
Q
Arterial catheterization of lower extremities
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7
Q
Ankle-Brachial Index, or ABI.
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8
Q
What are the risk factors for hypertension or HTN?
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9
Q
What are the risk factors for coronary artery
disease or CAD?
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10
Q
Serum homocysteine level
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11
Q
highly sensitive C-reactive protein or hs-CRP
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12
Q
CT of coronary arteries with calcium score,
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13
Q
exercise stress test
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14
Q
fasting lipid panel with knowing what LDL and HDL are and which one is the “good” cholesterol, and which is the “bad” cholesterol and why?
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15
Q
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm or AAA? What clinical sign can be found in a large AAA?
Who is most at risk for an AAA? How do we screen for AAA? How do we diagnose AAA when the screen is positive? How is it treated?
A
16
Q
What is an aortic dissection? How does it present clinically? Why does this get confused for an MI?
A
17
Q
How do we treat hypertension or HTN? Know hydrochlorothiazide or HCTZ (thiazide diuretic),
lisinopril (ace inhibitors, they always end in -pril), olmesartan (angiotensin receptor blocker or
ARB, they always end in -sartan) and why we need to monitor kidney and electrolyte function
with these medications?
A
18
Q
How do we treat hyperlipidemia? What is the first step? What is the second step?
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19
Q
Raynaud’s phenomenon
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20
Q
Buerger’s disease
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21
Q
Kawasaki disease
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22
Q
polyarthritis nodosa
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23
Q
Wegner’s granulomatosis
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24
Q
cryoglobulinemia
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25
Takayasu’s arteritis and temporal arteritis
26
How does nicotine cause damage to arteries and can cause high blood pressure or hypertension (HTN)?
27
Why does HTN cause left ventricular hypertrophy? How does this happen?
28
What are good fats and what are bad fats in our diets and why? Know examples of good and bad fats.
29
What is orthostatic hypotension? How is it diagnosed and what is the danger of this?
30
Know the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. What is the “silent killer”?
31
How does a typical myocardial infarction or MI or unstable angina present?
32
What is an electrocardiogram or EKG or ECG
33
What is the p wave? What does it represent?
34
What is a q wave? What does it mean if you see a q wave on an EKG?
35
What is the s wave? What does it represent?
36
What is the r wave?
What does it represent?
37
What is the t wave?
What does it represent?
38
Which are of the EKG is depolarization of the atria? Which area of the
EKG is repolarization of the atria?
39
Which area of the EKG is depolarization of the ventricles?
Which area of the EKG is repolarization of the ventricles? Where in the EKG do the valves open and close?
40
What is atrial fibrillation and what does it look like on an EKG?
41
What are premature ventricular contractions or PVCs? What do they look like on an EKG?
42
What is the pathophysiology behind a myocardial infarction or MI? What causes them?
43
What is stable versus unstable angina and how are they treated? How do you tell when stable angina becomes unstable angina or an MI?
44
What causes more oxygen demand in the myocardium? What causes less?
45
What are the risk factors for having an MI?
46
What EKG changes are seen in a typical MI? What about an NSTEMI or non-ST segment elevation MI?
47
myocarditis
48
pericarditis
49
infective endocarditis
50
right heart failure
51
left heart failure
52
Dressler’s syndrome
53
On auscultation what is the S1, S2, S3, and S4 sounds? When do we hear these sounds and which ones are common and rare?
54
What are the tests used to diagnose an MI?
55
MI Tx , coronary catheterization, stenting of coronary arteries,
bare metal versus drug-eluting stents, coronary artery bypass grafting or CABG, and treatment
for MI like MONA or morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and aspirin.
56
Why do MI patients have to be on statins like lovastatin or simvastatin and a beta blocker like carvedilol or metoprolol?
57
What are the clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis?
58
Know embolic versus thrombotic clots.
59
Know asystole, ventricular fibrillation, fine ventricular fibrillation, and heart blocks. When is electrical defibrillation helpful?
60
Know the difference between bradycardia and tachycardia.
61
nitric oxide
62
endothelin
63
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
64
digitalis
65
beta blocker
66
ACE-inhibitor
67
calcium channel blocker
68
diuretic
69
cardiac contractility
70
cardiac afterload
71
cardiac preload
72
cardiac output
73
normal cardiac output for a healthy patient
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systolic dysfunction
75
diastolic dysfunction
76
Left Sided Heart Failure
* Primary Cause:
* Clinical Signs/Symptoms:
* Treatment:
77
Right Sided Heart Failure
* Primary Cause:
* Clinical Signs/Symptoms:
* Treatment:
78
Know the stages of heart failure from the tables particularly the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association and the NYHA classification.
79
What is oncotic pressure?
80
Chronic versus acute CHF.
81
What can cause right sided heart failure without left sided heart failure?
82
What is high output heart failure?
83
What is normal central venous pressure or CVP?
84
What do angiotensin-converting enzyme or ACE-inhibitors do that help left sided heart failure?
85
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system or RAAS do?
86
Know how to measure JVD in a patient using a ruler, there is a table that shows you this in the
textbook.
87
Know tuberculosis or TB and how we test for it
* Definition:
* Signs/Symptoms:
* Testing for it:
* Treatments:
88
What do the lungs sound like both auscultated and percussed in a normal patient? A patient with pleural effusions? A patient with pneumonia?
89
Why do we make mucus in the airways? What purpose does the mucociliary apparatus play?
90
Know the typical pneumonia is like streptococcal pneumonia or viral pneumonia and know the
atypical pneumonias like mycoplasma, legionella, etc. What pneumonia do patients with AIDS get? Remember the name has been changed to pneumocystis jiroveci
91
What are the pulmonary function testing
findings of each and examples? What are the two main types of obstructive lung disease?
92
Know restrictive versus obstructive lung disease
93
Know the pulmonary function test, mainly forced vital capacity or FVC and FEV1 which is how much air a patient can expel in one second. What is the FEV1/FVC ratio?
94
Know the basic normal values of FEV1 and FVC and when it is obstructive or restrictive based on these.
95
What is coal miner’s pneumoconiosis?
96
What is hypoventilation syndrome also known as obstructive sleep apnea or OSA and how is it tested for and treated?
97
What are the signs, symptoms and causes of a pulmonary embolus or PE? Know d-dimer and CT angiogram or CTPE study.
98
What are the signs of cor pulmonale?
99
How do we evaluate and treat pleural effusions?
100
What is the treatment for pneumothorax? When is just air removed by needle? When do we
place a chest tube and when do we need a chest tube to suction?
101
Know idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and it how it has a “honeycomb” pattern in the lungs.
102
What causes pulmonary hypertension?
103
What is respiratory distress syndrome and why is it so deadly?
104
Know the basics of an arterial blood gas: pH, PCO2, PO2, and a calculated bicarbonate. What is a respiratory acidosis and a respiratory alkalosis?
105
What are the types of asthma and know how to tell one from another?
106
What is Pickwickian syndrome and what condition is usually associated with it?
107
Know that Marfan syndrome patients can get spontaneous pneumothorax as well as long standing emphysematous patients
108
normal daily potassium for a human
109
What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration?
110
What causes potassium, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium to be too high or low? Know clinical signs and symptoms for too high and low electrolytes. Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign. How do we correct these electrolyte imbalances?
111
What does ADH and aldosterone do?
112
What does hypokalemia look like on an EKG?
113
Know the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and use the diagram in the textbook to help
you.
114
Natriuresis versus diuresis.
115
How is albumin related to oncotic pressure and fluid retention or third spacing?
116
What can cause a lack of albumin in a person?
117
Why is it dangerous to give digitalis to a patient with hypokalemia?
118
Know SIADH
119
What is the relationship between calcium and phosphorous in the human body?
120
How is vitamin D related to calcium?
121
hypervolemic hyponatremia versus hypovolemic hyponatremia
122
Active versus passive transport
123
Acute versus chronic renal failure. Know prerenal, interstitial, or renal and post renal failures and give examples of each
124
Know normal urinary output and what is low or high. What percentage of the body’s cardiac output is received by the kidneys?
125
diabetic nephropathy, the mnemonic to remember about nephrOpathy is protein or albumin Out
126
Know blood urea nitrogen or BUN and creatinine. Know lab normal for both. Which is better at predicting kidney function or GFR?
127
Know your kidney stones as there are a lot of questions about them. Calcium is the most common type and seen easily on X-rays. Uric acid is the second most common type. Which type is seen with patients who are bed bound and immobile with chronic Foley catheters?
128
UA Inerpretation
* pH:
* Color:
* SG:
* Glucose:
* Protein(Albumin):
* Nitrites:
* Leukocyte esterase:
129
What age range is at the peak of GFR?
130
What is nephrolithiasis? Ureterolithiasis? Cystolithiasis? Which one is most painful?
131
What are the clinical signs that a patient has ureterolithiasis?
132
what causes high BUN or creatinine
without kidney problems?
133
If a type 1 diabetic is in diabetic ketoacidosis, what would their urinalysis have positive?
134
Know that IV contrast can damage kidneys, so anyone with chronic or acute renal failure cannot have it. Which diagnostic tests use IV contrast dye and which ones do not?
135
Stress versus urge urinary incontinence and how to distinguish between the two. What is a urodynamic study?
136
Know interstitial cystitis, know the most common causes of urinary tract infections or UTIs and which bacteria are involved, do women or men get UTIs more often? What ages get UTIs more often?
137
What is the most common cause of obstructive renal (post renal failure) in men older than 65?
138
Know clinical signs and symptoms of UTI versus pyelonephritis.
139
Know the causes and which is the more common urinary stones: Calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stone, cysteine stones. How do they form?
140
Which bacteria is more common in the urine with indwelling Foley catheter for UTI?
141
What can happen if a bacterial UTI goes untreated?
142
Define polyuria, anuria, oliguria, dysuria, hematuria, proteinuria
143
What is bladder cancer and what causes it and the most common type? What is prostate cancer and what causes it?
144
How do we evaluate microscopic hematuria and what is the concern here?
