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BIO 303 : ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other neither benefits or harmed

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms have a benefit

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3
Q

Exploitation

A

Organisms indirectly compete with other organisms for resources by exploiting resources to limit the resources availability to other organisms

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4
Q

Competition

A

When two organisms are limited to one resource and interact for it

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5
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both

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6
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device

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7
Q

Succession

A

Process of change in the species of a community over time

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8
Q

Primary succession

A

The series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before

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9
Q

Secondary succession

A

Series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat

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10
Q

Community

A

Group of populations occupying the same geographical area

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11
Q

Ecosystem

A

A group of communities that habitat a geographical area

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12
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species represented in an ecological community

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13
Q

Species evenness

A

The abundance of each species

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14
Q

Disturbance

A

Temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem

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15
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Species diversity in a small area of homogenous habitat

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16
Q

Beta diversity

A

Difference in species diversity from one habitat to another

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17
Q

Gamma diversity

A

Species diversity observed across all habitats within a geographic area

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18
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of patterns of species diversity and distributions at global, regional, and local scales

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19
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances

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20
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Unable to synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms for nutrition

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21
Q

GPP

A

Gross primary production: total amount of carbon fixed in the process of photosynthesis

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22
Q

NPP

A

NPP = GPP - Ra

Ra - rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance

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23
Q

NEP

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A

NEP = GPP - Rh

Rh - total ecosystem respiration

24
Q

Phenology

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A

Study of cyclic and seasonal phenomena, in relation to climate, plant, and animal life

25
Endemic species
Species that are found in just one region or area of the world and no where else
26
Metapopulation
Group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species
27
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that have greater species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance
28
Disturbance
Fire, floods, storms
29
What does disturbance do?
Disrupts communities, changes resources, and can affect abiotic and biotic components of the environment
30
Components of disturbance
Occurrence, timing, frequency, duration, extent, and intensity
31
Three hypothesis theories of why diversity is high in the tropics
Stability/productivity hypothesis, area hypothesis, museum hypothesis
32
Island biogeography theory
Species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation
33
In IBT, how does extinction rate change with island size?
Increases with the number of species present; more intense competition and niche overlap
34
In IBT, how does immigration rate change due to distance from the mainland?
Farther islands will have slower immigration rates
35
What is a trophic cascade?
Powerful indirect actions that control entire ecosystems
36
What is a top-down cascade?
Top consumers/predator controls the primary consumer production. Primary producers thrive
37
What is bottom-up cascade?
The population of primary producers will always control the increase/decrease of the energy in higher tropic levels
38
Keystone predators importance
Predators that feed on species that take up a lot of resources
39
Approximate energy transfer rate between tropic levels?
10%
40
How is NPP distributed around the planet?
Terrestrial and marine
41
What factors control energy transfer between tropic levels?
Keystone predators and trophic levels
42
How has humans impacted the water cycle?
Reduced percolation and depletion of water
43
How has humans impacted the nitrogen cycle?
Burning fossil fuels, industrial fixation of N2 into fertilizer, depletion of oxygen (eutrophication) in aquatic ecosystems
44
How has humans impacted the carbon cycle?
Fossil fuel emissions
45
Top 3 pools of water cycle
Glaciers, groundwater, and large lakes or reservoirs
46
Top 3 pools of nitrogen?
Atmosphere, aquatic reservoirs, terrestrial reservoirs
47
Top 3 pools of carbon?
Deep ocean, fossil, soil
48
How is climate change projected to influence fires?
Increase in temperatures, evaporation, drought
49
How is climate change projected to influence hurricanes?
Increase in warming ocean temperatures and water into atmosphere
50
Invasive species
Species from elsewhere that survive, reproduce, and cause harm
51
Non-native species
Species that have been introduced from somewhere else
52
Elements to a high quality preserve design
Big patches, patches near each other, buffer zones, connected, compact shape
53
Transfer efficiency
How much energy is being transferred from one tropic level to the next
54
What is driving current extinction rates?
Loss of habitats
55
What processes affect local community assembly?
Abiotic stresses, species interaction, disturbances, regional species and dispersal

BIO 303 : ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION (1 decks)

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