Exam 2 Study Masters Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What was the form of social, economic, and political organization in the premodern world?
A
feudalism
2
Q
What philosophy attempts to observe directly the laws by which things in the world work?
A
positivism
3
Q
in what kind of society do individuals base their decisions on thought and reason?
A
modern
4
Q
when people in a society no longer believe in supernatural beings, there is what?
A
secularism
5
Q
sociologists generally describe the world before the 16th century as what?
A
premodern
6
Q
what modern economy is now based on industry?
A
capitalism
7
Q
the premodern world had a kind of society Tonnies described as what?
A
Gemeinschaft
8
Q
Tonnies saw that the contract represents the characteristics of what kind of society?
A
Gesellschaft
9
Q
what kind of society developed in northwestern Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries?
A
modern
10
Q
The following quote describes a kind of society Tonnies called what?
“everybody is by himself and isolated, and there exists a condition of tension against all others…”
A
Gesellschaft
11
Q
T/F
Thought and knowledge in premodern society were based more on theology
A
true
12
Q
T/F
the population of modern society is more concentrated in urban centers
A
true
13
Q
T/F
relationships in Gesellschaft are more often short-term
A
true
14
Q
T/F
August Comte is often called the “father of sociology”
A
true
15
Q
T/F
feudal society was industrial
A
False.
feudal society was agricultural
16
Q
What are 7 major changes which came with the modern world?
CDIRSSU
A
- capitalism
- democracy
- industry
- reason
- secularism
- science
- urbanization
17
Q
according to Marx, the bourgeoisie and proletariat make up what part of capitalist society?
A
relations of production
18
Q
What did Marx call the class with ownership and control of the means of production?
A
bourgeoisie
19
Q
Marx called the raw materials, land, tools, machines, and buildings of society what?
A
means of production
20
Q
Marx’s philosophy about how history is made by class struggles is called what?
A
historical materialism
21
Q
When labor power is applied to materials, what is set in motion in society?
A
forces of production
22
Q
what assumes that changes in thought will change the course of history?
A
idealism
23
Q
what do Marxists call the part of society containing social institutions?
A
superstructure
24
Q
Who wrote “The Communist Manifesto” with Karl Marx?
A
Frederick Engels
25
What did Marx call a society's economic system?
mode of production
26
the quote below represents what social philosophy? "the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force...
materialism
27
T/F
| the proletariat survives by selling surplus goods in a market
FALSE
| the proletariat survives by selling its labor power to the bourgeoisie for wage
28
T/F
| the proletariat owns only its own labor power
true
29
T/F
| Marx was a materialist
true
30
T/F
| Marx assumed there will be conflict between classes in the relations of production
true
31
T/F
| according to Marx, things in the superstructure are shaped by the mode of production
true
32
Who will establish socialism?
proletariat
33
How do all the parts in Marx's model of society work?
***
34
the state in socialism will be a what?
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
35
When will there be a dictatorship of the proletariat?
socialism
36
Marx and Engels predicted that the final stage of society will be what?
communism
37
in what will there be ownership of the means of production by all of society's members?
communism
38
Marx and Engels predicted that between Socialism and Communism, there will be a what?
withering away of state
39
at an early phase of its history, the proletariat will destroy machines rather than confront the bourgeoisie because it is in a condition of what?
false consciousness
40
when the proletariat begins to act as a body in its own interests against the bourgeoisie, what does it have?
class consciousness
41
in the quote below from "The Communist Manifesto," the proletariat is what Marxists call a what?
"At this stage, the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition"
class-in-itself
42
Marx and Engels describe in the quote below a development which is now called what?
"the need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. . . . In one word, it creates a world after its own image."
globalization
43
T/F
| in a communist society, people will not be allowed personal possessions
true
44
T/F
| Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the proletariat
FALSE
| Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the bourgeoisie
45
T/F
| Marx assumed that humans are by nature selfish
true
46
T/F
| Marx insisted that a strong central government will be necessary in communism
true
47
T/F
| Marx and Engels recognized that there are more social classes in capitalism
FALSE
48
What did Marx predict will be the stages of history after the proletariat is created? (7)
1. class-in-itself
2. false consciousness
3. class consciousness
4. class-for-itself
5. socialism
6. withering away of state
7. communism
49
What did Weber call his method of understanding meanings in society?
Versetehen
50
What did Weber call the drive to make more money than one needs as an end-in-itself?
Spirit of Capitalism
51
the doctrine that God has decided everyone's eternal fate before they were born is what?
predestination
52
Who started the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
53
What was the principle of economic activity which people followed in the premodern world?
traditionalism
54
to deny oneself life's pleasures is what?
asceticism
55
Who dignified ordinary jobs with religious significance in his teaching about the "calling"?
Martin Luther
56
When Weber understood how Calvinists experienced teachings about predestination, he was using what method?
Verstehen
57
In Weber's description of modern materialism, he feared that this would become what?
an iron cage
58
T/F
| Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of idealism
true
59
T/F
| Protestantism and modern capitalism both began in the 16th century
true
60
T/F
| Weber explained society by observing only people's external behavior
true
61
T/F
| capitalism still needs the support of religion which Weber described
FALSE
62
T/F
| Weber concluded that it was not possible that material factors could have affected Protestantism
FALSE
63
How did religion support early capitalism according to Weber?
Started with the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther said everyone has a calling. John Calvin talked about predestination. God's chose people would be successful on Earth. Asceticism said that you would live a humble life on Earth, despite being successful. As people were working hard to show God their worth, and since they couldn't spend their money or worldly possessions, they reinvested money into their businesses or other new businesses.
64
Nonhuman technology is a way McDonaldized systems exert what over employees and customers?
control
65
what did Weber call the loss of meaning, mystery, magic, spontaneity, and surprise from the modern world?
disenchantment
66
when a McDonald's customer cleans off his table and throws away his trash, Ritzer sees him acting as a what?
prosumer
67
when a person tries to reach a goal and has only the guidance of general values, his action is described by Weber as what?
substantive rationality
68
what form of technology controls its user?
nonhuman technology
69
McDonald's is an example of what kind of rationality?
formal rationality
70
what aspect of McDonaldization replaces quality with quantity?
calculability
71
who saw rationalization as the grand trend of the modern world?
Max Weber
72
Weber saw what as the main form of organization in the modern world?
bureaucracy
73
what is the trend of the modern world whereby all of social life is narrowly focused toward reaching specific goals by detailed procedures?
rationalization
74
T/F
| bureaucracy embodies formal rationality
true
75
T/F
| people are free to choose goals and means under formal rationality
FALSE
76
T/F
| rules, regulations, and procedures are forms of nonhuman technology
FALSE
77
T/F
| bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is flexible in accommodating unique cases
FALSE
| bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is NOT flexible in accommodating unique cases
78
what are the four characteristics of McDonaldization?
1. efficiency - optimum method for getting from point A to point B
2. calculability - quantity = quality
3. predictability - assurance that product will be the same throughout time
4. control - "do what management wants them to do"
79
egoism is a problem when what is low?
integration
80
high regulation will cause what kind of suicide?
fatalistic suicide
81
the morphological aspects of society are what kind of social facts?
material social facts
82
what form of suicide did Durkheim describe as a duty in some situations?
altruistic suicide
83
what did Durkheim suppose to function in society to regulate human appetites?
morality
84
the range from high to low along which a society may be controlled is what?
regulation
85
Durkheim defined sociology as the study of what?
social facts
86
society is itself what kind of social fact?
material social fact
87
in the quote below, what was Durkheim defining?
"the great movements of enthusiasm, indignation, and pity in a crowd. . . . They come to each one of us from without and can carry us away in spite of ourselves."
social currents
88
what, according to Durkheim, is made up of people's beliefs and feelings, takes on a life of its own, and works through each of a society's individual members?
collective conscience
89
T/F
| Durkheim found that fatalistic suicide is the most common type in the modern world
FALSE
90
T/F
| Durkheim observed social facts within the consciousness of the individual
FALSE
91
T/F
| Durkheim said social facts are explained by psychological facts
FALSE
| social facts are external to the individual
92
T/F
| Anomie results from rapid social change
true
93
T/F
| Durkheim was French
true
94
Why did Durkheim choose suicide as his topic for sociological explanation?
Durkheim was examining things that were observable, and suicide was happening a lot. Sense of disenchantment leading to suicide.
95
cultural reflection theories explain the relationship between a cultural object and what?
social world
96
Lowenthal concluded that in the 1940's the U.S. economy had shifted toward what?
consumption values
97
what form of solidarity did Durkheim see in the exchanges between groups?
organic solidarity
98
Weber described culture as a what?
switchman
99
What classical theorist addressed the problem of social solidarity?
Durkheim
100
Which classical theorist believed that an idea could change the social world?
Weber
101
Durkheim described solidarity resulting from the resemblance between people in a simple society as what?
mechanical solidarity
102
Leo Lowenthal saw in the magazine stories about businessmen, inventors, and discoverers from the early 20th century a reflection of what?
production economy
103
What is described in the following quote?
"Indeed what [they] . . . express is the way in which the group thinks of itself in its relationships with the objects which affect it. . . . The symbols in which it thinks of itself alter according to what it is."
collective representatives
104
the version of the cultural reflection theory below follows which classical theorist?
```
social world
I
I
I
I
\/
cultural object
```
Marx
105
T/F
| Leo Lowenthal was a member of the Frankfurt School
true
106
T/F
| mechanical solidarity results when a society's differentiated parts work together
FALSE
| organic solidarity results when a society's differentiated parts work together
107
T/F
| The solidarity of modern societies would be mechanical solidarity
FALSE
| the solidarity of modern societies would be organic solidarity
108
T/F
| societies with organic solidarity will have a division of labor
true
109
T/F
| a collective representation is a social fact
true
