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SOCY 1000 > Exam 2 Study Masters > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Masters Flashcards

1
Q

What was the form of social, economic, and political organization in the premodern world?

A

feudalism

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2
Q

What philosophy attempts to observe directly the laws by which things in the world work?

A

positivism

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3
Q

in what kind of society do individuals base their decisions on thought and reason?

A

modern

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4
Q

when people in a society no longer believe in supernatural beings, there is what?

A

secularism

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5
Q

sociologists generally describe the world before the 16th century as what?

A

premodern

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6
Q

what modern economy is now based on industry?

A

capitalism

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7
Q

the premodern world had a kind of society Tonnies described as what?

A

Gemeinschaft

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8
Q

Tonnies saw that the contract represents the characteristics of what kind of society?

A

Gesellschaft

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9
Q

what kind of society developed in northwestern Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries?

A

modern

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10
Q

The following quote describes a kind of society Tonnies called what?
“everybody is by himself and isolated, and there exists a condition of tension against all others…”

A

Gesellschaft

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11
Q

T/F

Thought and knowledge in premodern society were based more on theology

A

true

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12
Q

T/F

the population of modern society is more concentrated in urban centers

A

true

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13
Q

T/F

relationships in Gesellschaft are more often short-term

A

true

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14
Q

T/F

August Comte is often called the “father of sociology”

A

true

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15
Q

T/F

feudal society was industrial

A

False.

feudal society was agricultural

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16
Q

What are 7 major changes which came with the modern world?

CDIRSSU

A
  • capitalism
  • democracy
  • industry
  • reason
  • secularism
  • science
  • urbanization
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17
Q

according to Marx, the bourgeoisie and proletariat make up what part of capitalist society?

A

relations of production

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18
Q

What did Marx call the class with ownership and control of the means of production?

A

bourgeoisie

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19
Q

Marx called the raw materials, land, tools, machines, and buildings of society what?

A

means of production

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20
Q

Marx’s philosophy about how history is made by class struggles is called what?

A

historical materialism

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21
Q

When labor power is applied to materials, what is set in motion in society?

A

forces of production

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22
Q

what assumes that changes in thought will change the course of history?

A

idealism

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23
Q

what do Marxists call the part of society containing social institutions?

A

superstructure

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24
Q

Who wrote “The Communist Manifesto” with Karl Marx?

A

Frederick Engels

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25
Q

What did Marx call a society’s economic system?

A

mode of production

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26
Q

the quote below represents what social philosophy? “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force…

A

materialism

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27
Q

T/F

the proletariat survives by selling surplus goods in a market

A

FALSE

the proletariat survives by selling its labor power to the bourgeoisie for wage

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28
Q

T/F

the proletariat owns only its own labor power

A

true

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29
Q

T/F

Marx was a materialist

A

true

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30
Q

T/F

Marx assumed there will be conflict between classes in the relations of production

A

true

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31
Q

T/F

according to Marx, things in the superstructure are shaped by the mode of production

A

true

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32
Q

Who will establish socialism?

A

proletariat

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33
Q

How do all the parts in Marx’s model of society work?

A
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34
Q

the state in socialism will be a what?

A

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

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35
Q

When will there be a dictatorship of the proletariat?

A

socialism

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36
Q

Marx and Engels predicted that the final stage of society will be what?

A

communism

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37
Q

in what will there be ownership of the means of production by all of society’s members?

A

communism

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38
Q

Marx and Engels predicted that between Socialism and Communism, there will be a what?

A

withering away of state

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39
Q

at an early phase of its history, the proletariat will destroy machines rather than confront the bourgeoisie because it is in a condition of what?

A

false consciousness

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40
Q

when the proletariat begins to act as a body in its own interests against the bourgeoisie, what does it have?

A

class consciousness

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41
Q

in the quote below from “The Communist Manifesto,” the proletariat is what Marxists call a what?
“At this stage, the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition”

A

class-in-itself

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42
Q

Marx and Engels describe in the quote below a development which is now called what?
“the need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. . . . In one word, it creates a world after its own image.”

A

globalization

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43
Q

T/F

in a communist society, people will not be allowed personal possessions

A

true

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44
Q

T/F

Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the proletariat

A

FALSE

Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the bourgeoisie

45
Q

T/F

Marx assumed that humans are by nature selfish

A

true

46
Q

T/F

Marx insisted that a strong central government will be necessary in communism

A

true

47
Q

T/F

Marx and Engels recognized that there are more social classes in capitalism

A

FALSE

48
Q

What did Marx predict will be the stages of history after the proletariat is created? (7)

A
  1. class-in-itself
  2. false consciousness
  3. class consciousness
  4. class-for-itself
  5. socialism
  6. withering away of state
  7. communism
49
Q

What did Weber call his method of understanding meanings in society?

A

Versetehen

50
Q

What did Weber call the drive to make more money than one needs as an end-in-itself?

A

Spirit of Capitalism

51
Q

the doctrine that God has decided everyone’s eternal fate before they were born is what?

A

predestination

52
Q

Who started the Protestant Reformation?

A

Martin Luther

53
Q

What was the principle of economic activity which people followed in the premodern world?

A

traditionalism

54
Q

to deny oneself life’s pleasures is what?

A

asceticism

55
Q

Who dignified ordinary jobs with religious significance in his teaching about the “calling”?

A

Martin Luther

56
Q

When Weber understood how Calvinists experienced teachings about predestination, he was using what method?

A

Verstehen

57
Q

In Weber’s description of modern materialism, he feared that this would become what?

A

an iron cage

58
Q

T/F

Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of idealism

A

true

59
Q

T/F

Protestantism and modern capitalism both began in the 16th century

A

true

60
Q

T/F

Weber explained society by observing only people’s external behavior

A

true

61
Q

T/F

capitalism still needs the support of religion which Weber described

A

FALSE

62
Q

T/F

Weber concluded that it was not possible that material factors could have affected Protestantism

A

FALSE

63
Q

How did religion support early capitalism according to Weber?

A

Started with the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther said everyone has a calling. John Calvin talked about predestination. God’s chose people would be successful on Earth. Asceticism said that you would live a humble life on Earth, despite being successful. As people were working hard to show God their worth, and since they couldn’t spend their money or worldly possessions, they reinvested money into their businesses or other new businesses.

64
Q

Nonhuman technology is a way McDonaldized systems exert what over employees and customers?

A

control

65
Q

what did Weber call the loss of meaning, mystery, magic, spontaneity, and surprise from the modern world?

A

disenchantment

66
Q

when a McDonald’s customer cleans off his table and throws away his trash, Ritzer sees him acting as a what?

A

prosumer

67
Q

when a person tries to reach a goal and has only the guidance of general values, his action is described by Weber as what?

A

substantive rationality

68
Q

what form of technology controls its user?

A

nonhuman technology

69
Q

McDonald’s is an example of what kind of rationality?

A

formal rationality

70
Q

what aspect of McDonaldization replaces quality with quantity?

A

calculability

71
Q

who saw rationalization as the grand trend of the modern world?

A

Max Weber

72
Q

Weber saw what as the main form of organization in the modern world?

A

bureaucracy

73
Q

what is the trend of the modern world whereby all of social life is narrowly focused toward reaching specific goals by detailed procedures?

A

rationalization

74
Q

T/F

bureaucracy embodies formal rationality

A

true

75
Q

T/F

people are free to choose goals and means under formal rationality

A

FALSE

76
Q

T/F

rules, regulations, and procedures are forms of nonhuman technology

A

FALSE

77
Q

T/F

bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is flexible in accommodating unique cases

A

FALSE

bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is NOT flexible in accommodating unique cases

78
Q

what are the four characteristics of McDonaldization?

A
  1. efficiency - optimum method for getting from point A to point B
  2. calculability - quantity = quality
  3. predictability - assurance that product will be the same throughout time
  4. control - “do what management wants them to do”
79
Q

egoism is a problem when what is low?

A

integration

80
Q

high regulation will cause what kind of suicide?

A

fatalistic suicide

81
Q

the morphological aspects of society are what kind of social facts?

A

material social facts

82
Q

what form of suicide did Durkheim describe as a duty in some situations?

A

altruistic suicide

83
Q

what did Durkheim suppose to function in society to regulate human appetites?

A

morality

84
Q

the range from high to low along which a society may be controlled is what?

A

regulation

85
Q

Durkheim defined sociology as the study of what?

A

social facts

86
Q

society is itself what kind of social fact?

A

material social fact

87
Q

in the quote below, what was Durkheim defining?
“the great movements of enthusiasm, indignation, and pity in a crowd. . . . They come to each one of us from without and can carry us away in spite of ourselves.”

A

social currents

88
Q

what, according to Durkheim, is made up of people’s beliefs and feelings, takes on a life of its own, and works through each of a society’s individual members?

A

collective conscience

89
Q

T/F

Durkheim found that fatalistic suicide is the most common type in the modern world

A

FALSE

90
Q

T/F

Durkheim observed social facts within the consciousness of the individual

A

FALSE

91
Q

T/F

Durkheim said social facts are explained by psychological facts

A

FALSE

social facts are external to the individual

92
Q

T/F

Anomie results from rapid social change

A

true

93
Q

T/F

Durkheim was French

A

true

94
Q

Why did Durkheim choose suicide as his topic for sociological explanation?

A

Durkheim was examining things that were observable, and suicide was happening a lot. Sense of disenchantment leading to suicide.

95
Q

cultural reflection theories explain the relationship between a cultural object and what?

A

social world

96
Q

Lowenthal concluded that in the 1940’s the U.S. economy had shifted toward what?

A

consumption values

97
Q

what form of solidarity did Durkheim see in the exchanges between groups?

A

organic solidarity

98
Q

Weber described culture as a what?

A

switchman

99
Q

What classical theorist addressed the problem of social solidarity?

A

Durkheim

100
Q

Which classical theorist believed that an idea could change the social world?

A

Weber

101
Q

Durkheim described solidarity resulting from the resemblance between people in a simple society as what?

A

mechanical solidarity

102
Q

Leo Lowenthal saw in the magazine stories about businessmen, inventors, and discoverers from the early 20th century a reflection of what?

A

production economy

103
Q

What is described in the following quote?
“Indeed what [they] . . . express is the way in which the group thinks of itself in its relationships with the objects which affect it. . . . The symbols in which it thinks of itself alter according to what it is.”

A

collective representatives

104
Q

the version of the cultural reflection theory below follows which classical theorist?

social world 
I
I
I
I
\/
cultural object
A

Marx

105
Q

T/F

Leo Lowenthal was a member of the Frankfurt School

A

true

106
Q

T/F

mechanical solidarity results when a society’s differentiated parts work together

A

FALSE

organic solidarity results when a society’s differentiated parts work together

107
Q

T/F

The solidarity of modern societies would be mechanical solidarity

A

FALSE

the solidarity of modern societies would be organic solidarity

108
Q

T/F

societies with organic solidarity will have a division of labor

A

true

109
Q

T/F

a collective representation is a social fact

A

true

SOCY 1000 (5 decks)

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