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Exam 2 Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th1 cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th1?

A

stimulated by: IL-12

produce: IL-2, IL-12 IFN-Y, TNF-B

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2
Q

Th17

A

produce: IL-17A-F
Involved in mycobacterial surveillance, antifungal, allergy, autoimmune disease
Inflammatory

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3
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th2 cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th2?

A

stimulated by: IL-4

produce: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

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4
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Treg cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Threg?

A

stimulated by: TGF-beta

produce: TGF-B, IL-10

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5
Q

Function of Th1

A

activate macrophages
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th2 responses)
antiviral, induce isotope switch of B cells to IgG1 for which macrophages have receptors

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6
Q

function of Th17

A

enhances neutrophil response to clear fungal pathogens, mycobacterial surveillance

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7
Q

function of Th2 cells

A

activate cellular and antibody response to parasites and allergy, isotope switch in B-cells to IgE
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th1 response)

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8
Q

function of Treg cells

A

suppress other effector T cells (inhibitory)
anti-inflammatory, mucosa immunity, allergy (good)by inducing tolerance, cancer (bad) by inhibiting antitumor immune response

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9
Q

Receptor that binds IgG

A

FcyRI

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10
Q

Receptor that binds IgE

A

FceRI

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11
Q

Receptor that transports IgG across epithelia, when transporting maternal antibodies

A

FcRn

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12
Q

Receptor with negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis

A

FcyRIIB1

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13
Q

Major form of IgM in serum

A

Decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin

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14
Q

characteristics of IgM

A

10% of serum
decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin
efficient complement activator
first antibody to appear in immune response
surface immunoglobulin, major receptor on B cells

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15
Q

Characteristics of IgG

A

75% of serum immunoglobulin
longest half life(20-25 days), except G3
complement activator (G3 best, G4 nil)
actively transported across placental border (except G2)
poor opsonizing agent– FC receptors on phagocytes

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16
Q

Characteristics of IgA

A

15% serum but MOST important secretory Ig
polymeric Ig: IgA exists mainly in serum as monomeric form

secretory IgA: major antibody in external secretions where’s it’s less susceptible to proteolyticdigestion

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17
Q

Characteristics of IgD

A

low serum conc

surface receptor on naive B cells along w/ IgM

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18
Q

Characteristics of IgE

A

trace serum conc.
best known for involvement in allergy
cytophillic for mast cells and Basophils via FC receptors
may be involved in immunity against some parasites

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19
Q

allotype

A

genetically determined differences in the proteins between individuals in he same species resulting from polymorphic (allelic) genes

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20
Q

what receptor binds IgG?

A

FcyRI

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21
Q

what receptor binds IgE?

A

FceRI

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22
Q

what receptor transports IgG across epithelia?

23
Q

what receptor provides a negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis?

24
Q

what’s the purpose of sIgA?

Study These Flashcards
A

to bind organisms in external secretions preventing them from attaching to an penetrating the mucous membranes

25
what is opsonin
substance that enhances phagocytosis
26
mechanisms of antibody mediated immunity to infectious diseases
``` prevention of epithelial cell attachment (sIgA) opsonization complements mediated bacteriolysis toxin neutralization virus neutralization ```
27
Which group of cytokines are antiviral?
Th1
28
What is the name of the class that promotes production of leukocytes in bone marrow and enhances their activity?
CSF- colony stimulating factors
29
Which class of cytokines is antiparasitic?
Th2
30
What do chemokines do?
Tell cells where to go... bind to vascular beds like adhesion molecules (pro-inflammatory)
31
Major events in inflammation
Initiation- increase blood supply, vascular permeability & education of serum proteins, migration of leukocytes out of capillaries to site of damage Amplification- activated immune system cells secrete cytokines and chemokines that amplify the response Termination- as toxins, microbes and debris are cleared the response wanes.
32
What are the two kinds of inflammation?
Acute and chronic
33
What are the cellular mediators of inflammation?
Neutrophils macrophages (IFNy/Th1 --M1 and IL4, IL13/Th2--M2) Mast cells Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells)
34
What are the 7 soluble mediators?
``` Cytokines Chemokines Pro-inflammatory cytokines CRP Platelet activating factor Histamine Eicosanoids ```
35
What is Margination (generally speaking)
Rolling on inflamed endothelial surfaces
36
What is transmigration?
Leukocytes use adhesion molecules such as integrins and others to migrate through endothelial cell layer. Vasodilator helps
37
What is chemotaxis (migration)?
Leukocytes that transmigrate follow a gradiant of chemoattractants to the site of infection or injury. Bacteria produce peptides that contain N-formyl-methionine (N-FMLP) which is a powerful attractant for neutrophils and macrophages
38
What adhesion molecules tightly bind during margination?
LFA-1 and ICAM-1 | VLA-4 and VCAM-1
39
What B2 integrin is found on macrophages?
MAC-1 (facilitates ICAM-1 binding)
40
Exposure to what increases phospholipase A?
LPS, cytokines, IL-1, TNF-alpha, histamine, bradykinin
41
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
persistence of T cells and macrophages and high levels of inflammatory cytokines, pain, swelling, unnecessary scarring, high levels of MMP, elevated levels of reactive oxygens, tissue destruction
42
Causes of chronic inflammation
genetics, autoimmunity, the individual
43
What is cellular mediated immunity (a type of inflammatory disease)?
tissue damage caused by autoreactive T cells and persistent macrophages ex: psoriasis and RA
44
What is Immune complexes (a type of inflammatory disease)?
IgG antibodies produced by plasma cells form complexes w/ antigens that damage capillary beds complexes activate complement, cause tissue damage, and perpetuate the inflammatory response ex: glomerulonephritis and uveoretinitis
45
``` What class of drug blocks cyclooxygenases 1 & 2? (ex of Cox 1 inhibitor?) ```
NSAIDS ex: asa, ibu, indomethacin, naproxen Celebrex
46
What are the leukotriene receptor antagonists
singular | accolate
47
what is the name of the 5-lipoxygenase antagonist?
Zyflo
48
What is the selective adhesion molecule inhibitor?
natalizumab (Tysabri) works against VLA-4on leukocytes to mediate binding to VCAM-1 on inflamed endothelium used for MS and Chrohn's
49
What do corticosteroids inhibit?
phospholipase A- and AA metabolism | also inhibits T cell proliferation and causes T cell apoptosis
50
What are some examples of cytokine inhibitors?
anakinra (Kineret)-blocks IL-1 binding, RA tx etanercept (Enbrel) - binds TNF receptors and blocks TNFa and TNFb binding, RA and psoriasis tx adalimumab (Humira) -antiTNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA and psoriasis tx infliximab (Remicade) -chimeric mouse/human anti TNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA, psoriasis, Crohn's tx
51
What is Xolair (omalizumab)?
humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and blocks IgE | tx for allergy related asthma
52
Why are leukotrienes and prostaglandins the devil, in regards to inflammation?
B/c they cause capillary endothelial leakiness and edema
53
What do thromboxanes and prostacyclins do?
thromboxanes-vasoconstrict | prostacyclins-vasodilate

OU Immunology (2 decks)

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