Exam 2 Terms Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept, helps to settle question about practice
A
Code of Ethics
2
Q
The study of conduct and character. Determines what is good for individuals and society at large
A
Ethics
3
Q
Personal beliefs about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom or object that set standards that influence behavior
A
Values
4
Q
Commitment to include patients in decisions
A
Autonomy
5
Q
Taking positive actions to help others
A
Beneficence
6
Q
Avoidance of harm or hurt
A
Nonmaleficence
7
Q
Being fair
A
Justice
8
Q
Agreement to keep promises
A
Fidelity
9
Q
The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems
A
ANA Code of Ethics
10
Q
Defines actions as right or wrong
A
Deontology
11
Q
Proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness
A
Utilitarianismn
12
Q
Focuses on the inequality between people
A
Feminist Ethics
13
Q
Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships, especially as they are revealed in personal narratives
A
Ethics of Care
14
Q
central to discussions about end-of-life care, cancer therapy, physican-assisted suicide, and DNR
A
Quality of Life
15
Q
What are the risks and benefits to individuals and to society of learning about the presence of a disease that has not yet caused symptoms, or for which a cure is not yet available?
A
Genetic Screening
16
Q
Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the patient
A
Care at the end of Life
17
Q
A patients ability to afford and use the healthcare system
A
Access to care
18
Q
An act of discovery in which “collective wisdom” guides a group to the best possible decision
A
Consensus building
19
Q
The anguish experienced when a person feels unable to act according to closely held core values
A
Moral distress
20
Q
Legal guidelines for defining nursing practice and identifying the minimum acceptable nursing care, set by every state
A
Standards of Care
21
Q
A broad civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities
A
Americans with Disabilities Act
22
Q
When a patient comes to the emergency department or the hospital, an appropriate medical screening occurs within the capacity of the hospital, the hospital is not to discharge or transfer the patient until the condition stabilizes
A
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
23
Q
Forbids health plans from placing lifetime or annual limits on mental health coverage that are less generous than those placed on medical or surgical benefits
A
Mental Health Parity Act
24
Q
Organ donors need to make a gift in writing with their signature
A
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
25
Written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient's wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition, allows patient to declare which medical procedures he or she do or does not want
Living will
26
Includes living wills, health care proxies, and durable powers of attorney for health care; based on informed consent and patient autonomy over end-of-life decisions
Advance Directives
27
Rules that create patient rights to consent to the use and disclosure of their protected health information, to inspect one's own medical record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
28
These laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident
Good Samaritan Laws
29
Reporting laws for communicable diseases and school immunizations and those intended to promote health and reduce health risks in communities
Public Health Laws
30
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
Cardiopulmonary standard of determination of death
31
Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain including brainstem
Whole brain standard of determination of death
32
Health care providers can use one of two ways to determine death
Uniform Determination of Death Act
33
A competent individual with a terminal disease could make an oral and written request for medication to end his or her life in a humane and dignified manner
Physician-Assisted Suicide
34
An incurable and irreversible disease that has been medically confirmed and will, within reasonable medical judgement, produce death within 6 months
Terminal disease
35
A civil wrong made against a person or property
Tort
36
Willful acts that violate another's rights such as assault, battery, and false imprisonment
Intentional tort
37
Negligence or malpractice
unintentional tort
38
Any action that places a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact without consent (no actual contact is necessary)
Assault
39
Any intentional touching without consent, can be either harmful or offensive to the patient's personal dignity
Battery
40
Unjustified restrain of a person without legal warrant
False imprisonment
41
Acts in which intent is lacking but volitional action and direct causation occur
Quasi-intentional Tort
42
The release of a patient's medical information to an unauthorized person (such as the press or an employer, or even family)
Invasion of privacy
43
Publication of false statements that result in damage to a person's reputation
Defamation of character
44
When one speaks falsely about another
Slander
45
Written defamation of character
Libel
46
Conduct that falls below a standard of care
Negligence
47
Professional negligence, when care falls below a standard of care
Malpractice
48
A system of ensuring appropriate nursing care that attempts to identify potential hazards and eliminate them before harm occurs
Risk Management
49
Serves as a database for further investigation, alerts risk management to a potential claim situation
Occurrence reporting
50
One-to-one interaction
| between two people
Intrapersonal
51
Communication that occurs within an individual
Interpersonal
52
Interaction with an audience
Transpersonal
53
Interaction within a person’s spiritual domain
Small Group
54
Interactions with a small number of people
Public
55
One who encodes and one who decodes the message
Referent
56
The setting for sender-receiver interactions
Sender and receiver
57
Message the receiver returns
Message
58
Motivates one to communicate with another
Channels
59
Means of conveying and receiving messages
Feedback
60
Factors that influence communication
Interpersonal variable
61
Content of the message
Environment
62
The verbal and nonverbal symbolism
| used by others to convey a meaning
Symbolic Communication
63
A broad term that refers to all factors that
| influence communication
Metacommunication
64
anything written or printed relating to the client
Documentation
65
The quality control and justification for
| reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance
Documentation
66
Oral, written, audiotaped exchange of information between
| caregivers
Reports
67
A professional caregiver providing formal advice to another caregiver
Consultations
68
Arrangement for services by another care provider
Referrals
69
A continuous process characterized by open-mindedness, continual inquiry, and perseverance, combined with a willingness to look at each unique patient situation and determine which identified assumptions are true and relevant
Critical Thinking
70
Recognizing that an issue exists, analyzing information, evaluating information, and making conclusions
Critical Thinking
71
A commitment to think clearly, precisely, and accurately and to act on what you know about a situation
Critical thinking
72
An attempt to continually improve how to apply yourself when faced with problems in client care
Critical Thinking
73
An active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine one's thinking and the thinking of others. The art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. Self-directed, self-disciplined, self-motivated, and self-corrective thinking
Critical Thinking
74
Be orderly in data collection. Look for patterns to categorize data. (Nursing Diagnosis) Clarify any data you are uncertain about
Interpretation
75
Be open-minded as you look at information about a patient. Do not make careless assumptions. Do the data reveal what you believe is true or are there other options?
Analysis
76
Look at the meaning and significance of findings. Are there relationships between findings? Do the data about the patient help you see that a problem exists?
Inference
77
Look at all situations objectively. Use criteria (e.g. expected outcomes, pain characteristics, learning objectives) to determine results of nursing actions. Reflect on your own behavior.
Evaluation
78
Support your findings and conclusions. Use knowledge and experience to choose strategies to use in the care of patients.
Explanation
79
Reflect on your experiences. Identify the ways you can improve your own performance. What will make you believe that you have been successful?
Self-regulation
80
Seek the true meaning of a situation. Be courageous, hones, and objective about asking questions.
Truth seeking
81
Be tolerant of different views, be sensitive to the possibility of your own prejudices; respect the right of others to have different opinions.
Open-mindedness
82
Analyze potentially problematic situations; anticipate possible results or consequences; value reason; use evidence-based knowledge
Analyticity
83
Be organized, focused; work hard in any inquiry
Systematicity
84
Trust in your own reasoning processes
Self-confidence
85
Be eager to acquire knowledge and learn explanations even when applications of the knowledge are not immediately clear. Value learning for learning's sake.
Inquisitiveness
86
Multiple solutions are acceptable. Reflect on your own judgements; have cognitive maturity
Maturity
87
Guidelines for rational thought. Clear, precise, specific, accurate, relevant, plausible, consistent, logical, deep, broad, complete, significant, adequate, fair
Intellectual standards
88
Confidence, independence, fairness, responsibility & accountability, risk taking, discipline, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, integrity, humility
Attitudes for critical thinking
89
Ethical criteria for nursing judgements, evidence-based criteria used for evaluation, and criteria for professional responsibility.
Professional standards
90
A visual representation of client problems and interventions that illustrates an interrelationship
Concept mapping
91
A judgement that includes critical and reflective thinking and action and application of scientific and practical logic
Clinical decision making
92
A way to solve problems using reasoning. Systematic, ordered approach to gathering data and solving problems bused by health care professionals. Looks for the truth or verifies that a set of facts agrees with reality.
Scientific method
93
Involves evaluating the solution over time to make sure that it is effective. Necessary to try different options if a problem recurs.
Problem Solving
94
A product of critical thinking that focuses on problem resolution. Following a set of criteria helps to make a thorough and thoughtful decision.
Decision making
95
Analytical process for determining a patient's health problems.
Diagnositc reasoning
96
Requires careful reasoning (i.e. choosing the options for the best patient outcomes on the basis of the patient's condition and the priority of the problem)
Clinical decision making
97
A five-step clinical decision-making approach: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Purpose is to diagnose and treat human responses to actual or potential health problems.
Nursing process
98
Judgment that includes critical and reflective thinking
| and action and application of scientific and practical logic.
Clinical decision making
99
Provides the exact description of medication’s
| composition
Chemical drug name
100
Name assigned to the drug by the manufacturer, and it is then listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia
Generic
101
Brand or proprietary name. This is the name under which a manufacturer markets the medication
Trade name
102
The effect of the medication on a body system, the symptoms the medication relieves, or its desired effect.
Classification
103
Passage of medication molecules into the blood from
| the site of administration
Absorption
104
Occurs within the body to tissues, organs, and specific
| sites of action, dependent on properties of medication and physiology of person.
Distribution
105
Medications transformed into a less potent or an
inactive form. Biotransformation occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify, break down, and remove active chemicals
Metabolism
106
Medication exit the body through the kidneys, liver bowel, lungs and exocrine glands
Excretion
107
Expected or predicted physiological response
Therapeutic effect
108
Unavoidable secondary effect
Side effect
109
Unintended, undesirable, often unpredictable
Adverse effect
110
Accumulation of medication in the bloodstream
Toxic effect
111
Over-reaction or under-reaction or different reaction from normal
Idiosyncratic reaction
112
Unpredictable response to a medication
Allergic reaction
113
Occur when one medication modifies the action of
| another
Medication interaction
114
When the combined effect of two medications is greater than the effect of the medications given separately
Synergistic effect
115
Time it takes for a medication to produce a response
Onset
116
Time at which a medication reaches its highest effective
| concentration
Peak
117
Minimum blood serum concentration before next scheduled dose
Trough
118
Time medication takes to produce greatest result
Duration
119
Point at which blood serum concentration is reached and maintained
Plateau
120
Time for serum medication concentration to be halved
Biological half-life
121
Most commonly used medication route
Oral
122
Slower onset of action and more prolonged effect than parenteral medications
Oral route
123
Readily absorbed after being placed under the tongue to dissolve, should not be swallowed
Sublingual
124
Placing the solid medication in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the check until it dissolves
Buccal route
125
Involves injecting medication into body tissues
Parenteral administration
126
Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis
Intradermal (ID)
127
Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin
Subcutaneous (Sub-Q)
128
Injection into a muscle
Intramuscular (IM)
129
Injection into a vein
Intravenous (IV)
130
Medication administered in the epidural space via a catheter, placed by a nurse anesthetist or an anesthesiologist
Epidural
131
Medication administered through a catheter placed in the subarachnoid space or one of the ventricles of the brain
Intrathecal
132
Infusion of medication directly into the bone marrow
Intaosseous
133
Medications administered into the peritoneal cavity
Intraperitoneal
134
A syringe and needle or a chest tube is used to administer meds directly into the pleural space
Intrapleural
135
Medications administered directly into the arteries
Intraarterial
136
Spreading medication over an area, applying moist dressings, soaking body parts in a solution, or giving medicated baths. Generally has a local effect
Transdermal
137
Medication delivery involves inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into the patient's eye
Intraocular
138
Administered until the dosage is changed or another
| medication is prescribed
Standing or routine order
139
Given when the patient requires it
prn
140
Given one time only for a specific reason
single or one-time
141
Given immediately in an emergency
STAT
142
When a medication is needed right away, but not STAT
Now
143
Medication to be taken outside of the hospital
Prescription
144
Inaccurate prescribing, administer the wrong medication, giving the medication using the wrong route or time interval, and administering extra doses or failing to administer a medication
Medication error
145
When a patient takes two or more
medications to treat the same illness, takes two or
more medications from the same chemical class,
uses two or more medications with the same or
similar actions to treat several disorders
simultaneously, or mixes nutritional supplements or
herbal products with medications.
Polypharmacy
146
Care that fits the person's life patterns, values, and a set of meanings
Culturally congruent care
147
Second-culture learning
Acculturation
148
comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and difference across human groups
transcultural nursing
149
Individual identifies equally with two or more cultures
biculturalism or multiculturalism
150
Outsider perspective
Etic worldview
151
Thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups.
Culture
152
Socialization into one's primary culture as a child
Enculturation
153
Insider or native perspective
Emic worldview
154
Refers to a shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space, and racial characteristics.
Ethnicity
155
Tendency to hold one's own way of life as superior to others
Ethnocentrism
156
Members of an ethnocultural community are absorbed into another community and lose their unique characteristics (i.e language, customs, & ethnicity)
Assimilation
157
Ethnic and religious groups with characteristics distinct from the dominant culture.
Subculture
158
Use their own values and lifestyles as the absolute guide in dealing with patients and interpreting their behaviors
cultural imposition
159
Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause altercation in the equilibrium of the human body
naturalistic practitioner
160
Believe that an external agent, which can be human or nonhuman, causes health and illness.
personalistic practitioner
161
Illnesses that are specific to one culture
Culture-bound syndromes
162
Significant social markers of changes in a person's life
Rites of passage
163
Health care providers disregard values or cultural beliefs
cultural pain
164
an in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases, prejudice, and assumptions about other people
Cultural Awareness
165
Obtaining sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups, including their indigenous values, health beliefs, care practices, worldview, and bi-cultural ecology
Cultural Knowledge
166
Being able to assess social, cultural, and biophysical factors influencing treatment and care of patients
Cultural Skills
167
The motivation and commitment to caring that moves an individual to learn from others, accept the role as learner, be open and accepting of cultural differences, and build on cultural similarities.
Cultural desire
168
Large quantities of medication are kept on the nursing unit
Stock supply system
169
Each patient is supplied with the medication needed for a period of time
Individual supply system
170
The pharmacist simplified medication preparation by packaging and labeling each dosage for a 24-hour period
Unit-dose system
171
Control the dispensing of all medication, including narcotics, system accessed by entering a security code
Automated Medication Dispensing Systems (AMDSs)
172
a glass flask that contains a single dose of medication for parenteral administration.
Ampule
173
a glass bottle with a self-sealing stopper through which medication is removed, several doses can be removed from the same container
vials
174
a single dose of medication inserted into a reusable holder
pre-filled cartridges
175
Two (or more) clear moral principles apply, but they support mutually inconsistent course of action
Ethical dilemma
176
A process of discovery allowing a person to discover what choices to make when alternatives are presented and to identify whether these choices are rationally made or the result of previous conditioning
Values clarification
177
A personal belief about worth that acts as a standard to guide one's behavior
value
178
Personal or communal standards of right and wrong
Morals
179
Ethical problem in which the person knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right actions
Ethical distress
180
A commitment to developing one's ability to act ethically
Ethical agency
181
A systematic inquiry into the principles of right and wrong conduct, of virtue and vice, and of good and evil, as the relate to conduct
Ethics
182
The protection and support of another's rights
Advocacy
183
The nurse records the database obtained from the nursing history and physical assessment
Initial nursing assessment
184
The nurse documents a patient's diagnosis of AIDS, expected outcomes, and specific nursing interventions
Plan of nursing care
185
The nurse documents the case management plan for a patient population with a designated diagnosis, which includes expected outcomes, interventions to be performed, and the sequence and timing of these interventions
Critical/collaborative pathways
186
The nurse uses this form to record a patient's pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, weight, and bowel movements
Graphic records
187
Powder or gel form of an active drug enclosed in a gelatinous container
Capsule
188
Medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soap, which is rubbed on the skin
Liniment
189
Finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium; should be shaken before use
Suspension
190
Medication in a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, and flavoring
Elixir
191
An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base, such as gelatin, that is inserted into the body
Suppository
192
Drug particles in a solution for topical use
Lotion
193
Mixture of a powdered drug with a cohesive material; may be round or oval
Pill
194
A drug dissolved in another substance
Solution
195
Single drug or mixture of finely ground drugs
Powder
196
Medication combined with water and sugar solution
Syrup
197
Tablet or pill that prevents stomach irritation
Enteric coated
198
5-15 degree needle insertion
Itradermal
199
45 to 90 degree needle insertion
subcutaneous
200
90 degree needle insertion
Intramuscular
201
Major markers for this IM injection are: Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, greater trochanter
Ventrogluteal
202
Major markers for this IM injection are: posterior superior iliac spin, greater trochanter of femur (not recommended)
Dorsogluteal muscle
203
Major markers for this IM injection are: greater trochangter, lateral femoral condyle, anterolateral thigh
Vastus Lateralis
204
Major markers for this IM injection are: acromion process, deltoid muscle, brachial artery
Deltoid muscle
