Exam 2 Test Prep Flashcards
1
Q
Endoderm possesses…
A
- Digestive System
- Most glands.
- Respiratory System
2
Q
Mesoderm possesses…
A
- Accessory Sex Glands
- Reproductive System - Gonads
(Male: Vas Deferens, accessory sex glands, and epididymus.)
(Female: Cervix, Vagina, Oviduct, and uterus.) - Muscle, Bone, Nerves, Blood, etc.
- Endocrine System
3
Q
Ectoderm possesses…
A
- Skin, Nails, Hair/Fur.
- Clitoris and Penis
- Outer portion of vagina
- Hypothalmus
- Pituitary Gland
- Nervous System
4
Q
How does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland form? What is it made up of?
A
- From the oral cavity (Rathke Pouch) and heads dorsally towards the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
- The developing anterior lobe separates completely from the Rathke pouch and stays next to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
- A blood portal system is what connects the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
- The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of synthetic cells.
5
Q
How does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland form?
A
- When an exterior curve forms from the third ventricle of the brain in development it is called the infundibulum.
- Forms from the infundibulum that comes from the third ventricle.
Descends from the infundibulum and stays connected to the hypothalamus through nerve fibers.
6
Q
How do primordial germ cells form in the conceptus?
A
- Originate from the inner lining of the yolk sac.
- Migrate from yolk sac to the genital ridge (retroperitoneal).
- Divide and colonize by mitosis.
- Form gonads which then drop or descend into the body.
7
Q
What is the Wolfiian Duct? (Also known as Mesonephric Duct)
A
- Forms the extra gonadular system of the male.
8
Q
What is the Mullerian Duct?
A
- Forms the tubular system of the female. (Cervix, uterus, oviduct, and vagina.)
9
Q
How is the male reproductive system formed?
A
- SRY protein is present in the Y chromosome and due to this the body recognizes future baby as male.
- Testes/Gonads begin in retroperitoneal position dorsal to the abdominal cavity.
- During this time the gubernaculum grabs the testes and pulls them through the abdominal cavity where it is given the visceral vaginal tunic and its first layer of peritoneum.
- As the testes continue to be pulled down by the gubernaculum they are given the parietal vaginal tunic from the ventral (second layer) of peritoneum before being drug out and past the inguinal ring before it closes.
- Sertoli Cells develop and epithelial cells create seminiferous tubules.
- From the Sertoli cells the anti-mullerian hormone and dihydrotestosterone are activated.
- Anti-müllerian hormone degenerates the Müllerian ducts.
- Dihydrotestosterone turns on the desert hedgehog gene.
- Desert hedgehog gene helps develop leydig cells.
- Leydig cells differentiate and produce testosterone. Testosterone then goes back to help the anti-müllerian hormone continue to degenerate the Müllerian ducts.
- Leydig cells also produce dihydrotestosterone which helps create the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands.
10
Q
How is the female reproductive system made?
A
- Absence of the SRY protein causes body to recognize future baby is female.
- Ovaries develop which causes epithelial chords to form follicles around the oocytes.
- Because no anti-müllerian hormone is present the Müllerian (or paramesonephric) ducts develop and the mesonephric degenerates.
- Oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina are developed.
11
Q
What is the Visceral Vaginal Tunic?
A
- The first layer of peritoneal that the testes are wrapped in when being pulled into the abdominal cavity by the gubernaculum.
12
Q
What is the Pareital Vaginal Tunic?
A
- The second/central layer that wraps around the testes right before they are pulled through the inguinal ring and descended into the scrotum by the gubernaculum.
13
Q
What is the space between the Visceral Vaginal Tunic and the Parietal Vaginal Tunic? What does it do?
A
- Potential Vaginal Space
- Allows movement of the testes in the scrotal sac.
14
Q
What is cryptorchidism?
A
- When one or two testicles remain in the body cavity.
- This causes abnormal testosterone production.
- Spermotogenises does not occur because the teste(s) cannot cool.
- Do not want to breed because it is
believed by many that it causes genetic disposition.
15
Q
What is Freemartin?
A
- Male and Female twins.
- Shared blood on fetal side between the fetuses.
- When male system develops his testosterone will begin to degenerate the female twins reproductive system.
- This causes the female to always be infertile and have a damaged reproductive system. Male also has reduced fertility.
16
Q
Simple Neural Reflex
A
- Stimulus.
- Stimulus message -> sensory neurons get sent afferant to the central nervous system. (Afferant: Toward)
- Sent efferently to target tissue. (Efferently: Away from.)
- Reaches target tissue.
-Causes muscle to contract.
Neurological Input -> Direct Action -> Motor/Neurological Output.
Example of a simple neural reflex: Ejaculation
17
Q
Neuroendocrine Reflex
A
- Stimulus
- Neurons afferently to hypothalamus.
- Hypothalmjs produces a hormone.
- Hormone is released into blood.
- Hormone reaches target tissue.
- Action desired is completed.
(Remember: Endocrine=Hormone)
Example of neuroendocrine reflex: milk letdown
18
Q
Describe Estrogen Feedback Mechanism
A
- Positive Effect
ESTROGEN increase-> GnRH increase -> LH & FSH increase -> ESTROGEN increase = Until estrogen concentration is too high which activates a massive surge of GnRH which causes a massive surge of LH until ovulation occurs. - Ovulation begins progesterone production.
19
Q
Describe the progesterone feedback mechanism.
A
- Negative effect.
- High concentration of progesterone inhibits GnRH -> LH & FSH decrease -> estrogen decrease -> prevents estrogen from activating estrogen feedback mechanism.
In summary this mechanism that is described acts as a cap to how much estrogen can be produced. When the Corpus Luteum is not present then estrogen no longer has a cap on how much of it can be produced.
20
Q
Describe the testosterone feedback mechanism.
A
- Negative Effect
- High GnRH -> increases LH & FSH -> LH bonds to leydig cells which produced testosterone.
Testosterone decreases GnRH -> Decreases LH & FSH -> decreases testosterone. - This gives the leydig cells a break from constant LH stimulation which prevents refractory.
21
Q
What is GnRH?
Where is it synthesized?
What is it classified as?
A
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone.
- Releases gonadotropon from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
- Synthesized in the hypothalamus.
- Classified as Deca-Peptide.
22
Q
What is Oxytocin?
A
- Stimulates PG-F2 Alpha production.
- Contracts smooth muscle.
23
Q
What is Oxytocin classified as?
A
Neurotransmitter/Neurohormone.
24
Q
Where is oxytocin synthesized?
Where is oxytocin released from?
Where else is oxytocin produced from?
A
- Synthesized in hypothalamus.
- Released from posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
- Also produced in Corpus Luteum.
